'Focault- Discipline and Punish\r'

'Table of Contents psychiatric hospital2 draft Overview2 Main tilts of discipline and Punish4 • might4 •prison houses as disassemble of civilisation4 •Punishment5 •The remains and Soul5 Evaluation of tick off and Punish6 remnant7 ? Introduction: M. Foucault. 1975. sketch and Punish: The birth of the prison. raw York: Random Ho recitation Inc. Below is an in depth appropriate review of make grow and Punish, The Birth of the Prison. The author who compiled the analysis on this is Michel Foucault, whom pop the questiond enlightenment on m each(prenominal) diametric aspects of sociology and philosophy- many which ar shut up vastly relevant to societies today.I go away be apply this rush review to channel an delineate of Foucault’s lap, view nouss and findings as often(prenominal)(prenominal). Along with this I allow for include my ad hominem brush up of my literary experience of the book. I will consider chief(prenominal) fact ors of logic, co presentnce, recite, expertness and originality. These under lodge in fields are exclusively decisive to useful and meaningful sociological theories. In brief, my tug is to clarify the argument presented by Foucault and offer my account of its reasonedity. Brief Overview:Michel Foucault’s, redress and Punish, issues the ref of the historic timeline which ends at the instauration of imprisonment that closely spick-and-span societies ware adopted today. The just of his magnetic inclinations for the book are presented in the first section. Much of this includes his aim which is to trace the punishable remains sandwards to its grow in order to desex and identify its signifi abidece in the present. These roots begin in the seventeenth century. hither national harassment and execution prevailed as the form of penalization.As aspects of hostelry changed, especi every(prenominal)y occasion structures, so did this trunk of punishment- much the likes of in an evolutionary manner. At this heighten it is probably important to highlight that a fail alternative to the concept of the penal timeline, is sort of a cycle- thus qualification visible the state it was in at birth and plotting its journey to maturity. The model of the prison is non unless a accessible result or solution in the beginning sections. Punishments were rather inhumane and sick of(p) methods of twist and execution which were â€Å"public eyeglasses”. The point of this was the solidification of the author figures amongst their nation.This tone of magnate stirred amongst people who were at long last discontent with the inefficiency of these structures. Whilst attempting to resolve this, a â€Å" square away” was created. Sadly, the preoccupation of the reform blinded people to the inhumanity, suffering and pain being brought upon these so-called criminals. Following this we intoxicate the transition to unavowed and secret fo rms of punishment which was cut-off from public visibility. arbitrary practices resulted in submissive criminals, with credit abandoned to new techniques established by adapting and neutering out-dated methods.The separation and the shift of emphasis from the automobile trunk to the dispositionfulness were early defining factors of the modern trunk. These besides form an immensely important theme that is recurrent passim the book. Foucault’s hypothetic cycle of the penal formation then moves on to preparation of criminals for their lives aft(prenominal) incarceration and attempts to reintroduce these people back into cabaret as respectable civilians. Considering renowned critiques on this section, it remains un crystallize as to whether this was masteryful at its time of occurrence.An fuck arising along with this stage is that of judgement- who is qualified to spend judgement and what standards are use for proportion? Finally, in the closing sections of the book we adjoin the heart of the book where we see the intro of the first prison- highly influenced by the panoptic, and the penultimate stage which Foucault dates February 22, 1840. This date marks the success of the first carceral system which â€Å"perfected” the failures and short-comings of all the previous phases. Currently this institution has implant itself in society and is the back-bone of order, laws and norms.The fact that at the moment thither is no better alternatives to this, offers the assumption that the modern penal system has succeeded or human sciences are still advancing in order to barely evolve current organisation- hence my precedent labelling of this phase the â€Å"penultimate”. I tonicity that the purpose of the book is to inform the reader on a long nominate of various(a) facets relating to sociology. These include the carceral system, the classical period, discipline, norms, designer and penalty- to mention precisely a few. These all have significant importance in human sciences.My reaction or evaluation will conclude that Foucault has cleverly address establishments in sociology whilst using the penal system as a commonality to provide a practical sample- which in daily round favours the readers understanding of sociology in general. The audience for this theoretical work is most likely to shoot for scholars of human sciences and philosophy. It may alike effervesce interests of inquiries into the classical period given its historical flair. Main arguments of Discipline and Punish: cater: Foucault uses indicant as a important point of reference for punishing.All or most aspects of the book revolve around this, or come back to it at a point. According to him, as government agency structures change, so does the penal system. It adapts to requirements. In the section of the book titled â€Å"Body of the condemned”, we see how torture and punishment was used to reinforce the agent of the sovere ign. Knowledge is also important to power, because it is seen as the support for power. Those with greater knowledge, tend to issuance or accumulate greater power. â€Å"Power produces knowledge . . . power and knowledge presently imply one another . . . here is no power relation without the joint constitution of a field of knowledge, nor any knowledge that does not presuppose and pee-pee at the aforesaid(prenominal) time power relations. ” Foucault describes that power can range from modifying ones abstemiousness to complete coercion. It is embedded in society and all relations. As long as power relations exist, there will always be inherent federal agency and oblige. Here we see the effects of the â€Å"power to judge”. Those possessing power and knowledge use their controls on society to establish norms whereby they quantify the actions of people.Post-judgement and examination incarceration is determined by how far the perpetrator strays from â€Å"normalà ¢â‚¬Â. In Foucault’s opinion, society has allowed sceptic officials to take the power to judge- people much(prenominal) as medical professionals, psychologists, etc. In essence, it is argued that power controls society, yet it cannot be controlled. Prison as a phonation of civilisation: It is emphatic time and time again throughout the book that the prison is part of society and the two cannot be separated. Prison is establish on the judicial system (laws and rules judicature our daily lives), which is embedded and weaved into society.Often Foucault mentions prisons along with institutions such as schools, hospitals and armies etc. They are all organised using the same mannequin of control and judgement- which emphasizes his stance that it is a part of society. The penal system of prison is as healthy as far incorporated into our lives to deny the participation which exists. Punishment: â€Å"The art of punishing mustiness(prenominal) rest on a livelong technolog y of representation” Foucault argues that each punishment should teach a lesson. It should not only take away a delinquents self-sufficiency and freedom, it should make them work, keep them active, enforce legal habits.Prior to this, the penalty should correlate with the crime move in order to create relevance. It contend not be an attempt to control the body, but rather install rule directed at achieving a goal- such as reintegration into community after incarceration. Discipline must be continuous and must take the role of coercion. This we see from Foucault that it can be done using timetables and ranks- here differentiation of various series is important. The Body and Soul: Punishment was initially charge to the physical body using methods of torture for example.In addition to this, the body could be used to stir fear amongst people during public executions. The body and the visible are reinforcing factors. However, with the changes in power, the body is no longer a target of direct punishment. The body now, as Foucault says, is supervised, controlled and organised. Although the body is replaced with the mortal, it will still luck an adjacent bond with punishment. Foucault argues that he produces a â€Å"genealogical account for the modern soul”- meaning that he intends to identify where the soul originated. There are two factors to this parade in Discipline and Punish.First it is what is revised above- is the soul takes over from the body as the guiding for punishment. Secondly, the shift from body to soul and the new methods of discipline have ultimately generated or created the soul. Unlike the body, there are no limits to how you can penalize the soul. Evaluation of Discipline and Punish: Firstly, I will choke by commenting on the extent to which the book achieves its desired goal. Foucault initially wanted to provide a power of speech for those check to a discourse. This includes those who do not have the knowledge required to accumulate power.I looking that their issues have been brought to light, however the reasons exceeding this is for the purpose of gaining insight into the functioning of society in sociological scathe. This does not give wariness to their possibly ambiguous labelling of being â€Å" freakish”. They have purely become a vessel to greater knowledge. Foucault rejected norms as positive determinants. It was seen by him as proscribe and oppressive. The unusual phenomenon is not a essential process instinctually followed by humans. Foucault strived to highlight this unregularity through his book.However, when commenting on individuality (which opposes norms) there is an inherent negative notion towards the concept. What then, if against norms and individuality, does Foucault think as an alternative? This is a manageable indication of an argument which is incoherent and conflicting. Ultimately, as we see towards Foucault’s final sections, that his intention was not t o ignite conspiracy and doubt in the minds if the reader regarding the prison, but rather to create understanding of its operation and the factors add to its processes.This was done with the utmost success. The historical consideration and actual case studies used provide valid and convincing confirmation. His views at this point are adequately supported. In terms of possibilities suggested by the book Foucault leaves us with the introduce that the carceral system is very destructive in more ways than one. He also provides a new way for us to think of this system- as strong and highly powerful. We see that Foucault is optimistic toward change- thus foreground prospective opportunities for the carceral system as substantially as the human sciences as a whole.The subject matter of the book has to this day not received further research- vigour of such extensive significance. Foucault has successfully provided us with a realistic account into the historical penal system and at th e same time addressed common issuances in sociology- much like his section on individualism. The material on hand(predicate) to us regarding the punitory system tends to focus on specialised regions or prisons-commonly those in the United States. A book which is well versed on the issue at hand is Situational Prison Control by Richard Hartley. However, it still does not divulge into the history and â€Å"birth” of the phenomenon.Foucault successfully identified a research topic which was in need of attention and enlightenment. I notion an aspect Foucault neglected to focus on was future summations for the penal system and all it entails. We do not see any of his suggestions for possible ways out front or resolutions to the problems that exist. He has a tendency throughout the book, to highlight many downfalls yet no solutions. A few of personal proposals would have stimulated the readers thinking, ultimately arising move doors for advancement for progress. Along with the above, I feel there is a lot that involve to be said on social divides amongst society.Foucault briefly touches on classes and social and frugal situation but almost like a shot redirected the train of thought. There is more to various demographics which influence all institutions throughout societies. Foucault failed to compensate on this and the way that their changes affect power relations and ultimately the penal system. whatsoever of these demographics may include gender, age, race and ethnicity. Conclusion: I forever referred back to precise criteria when considering the main arguments or theories of Discipline and Punish. This was accommodating in concluding my opinion on whether Foucault has successfully argued his theory.My review concludes that a reliable research problem was identified and stated. The causes of this were also made apparent to the reader. Foucault carefully plotted the way he would take-on this topic by testifying clear and concise points of view. At times it felt as though the argument was not coherent in that it would spring from one context to another. However, the main arguments and themes- such as the body and the soul were constantly referred to. This redeemed coherence with a well tied together and relevant argument- specially in the last section where everything is positioned into place.The evidence Foucault uses to elaborate his views and arguments are sufficient to raise the validity of his study and specific arguments. He often provides actual occurrences in history- much like his introduction reporting on Damien’s execution in 1757 and referring to the opening of Mettray prison colony. Extensive referencing has been made available allowing further validation of facts. This in let go of contributes to his ability to convince and persuade. Michel Foucault most definitely possessed the right attributes and expertise to work on this research problem.He had extensive grooming and experience in human sciences, from which he created his career. His direct encounters with the penal systems and prisons also given(p) him access to knowledge not quick available to others- thus making his expertise relative to the issue at hand. property the short-comings I have mentioned in mind, I feel that Foucault’s arguments are valid and they all have been researched to the point where its cover significance cannot be denied. Their continued relevance over the years supports my conclusion and it has in general been presented in a clear and concise manner.\r\n'