Edna and Conformity in Chopin’s The Awakening Essay -- Chopin Awakenin

Edna and symmetry in Chopins The AwakeningThe passage of The Awakening which truly mark Edna Pontelliers new manner of thought regarding her life revolves around her monument of a day of her childhood in Kentucky. She describes the scene to Madame Ratigonelle as the ii women sit on the beach one summer day. The passage opens with a description of the sea and the sky on that particular day. This day and its components are expressed in lethargic terms much(prenominal) as idly and motionless and suggested a scene of calm sleep. Such a portraiture establishes an image of serenity and tranquility, in other words the calm ahead the storm which derives from Ednas awakening.As the passage continues Madame Ratigonelle asks Edna of whom- of what are you thinking? It is of affair to point out that she initially inquires of whom as if to impose her knowledge on Edna that she believes Edna may be thinking of a particular person such as Robert. Edna answers Nothing, but then catches hers elf in an answer that comes from simple riding habit and decides to retrace her thoughts. She rememb...

Langston Hughes Impact on an Era Essay

Langston Hughes contributed a tremendous influence on scandalous glossiness throughout the united States during the era known as the Harlem rebirth. He is usu completelyy considered to be whiz of the most prolific and most-recognized sable poets of the Harlem Renaissance. He broke through barriers that truly fewer black machinationists had done before this period. Hughes was presented with a great chance with the rise black r use of goods and services during the 1920s and by his creative sprint of poetry, which utilize black horticulture as its basis and still appealed to solely ethnicities.Until the Harlem Renaissance, poetry and literature were dominated by white people and were all about white culture. However, during the 1920s, there was an explosion of black literature and, art poured from black artists and activists who represented black pride and individuality from the white mandate (The Harlem Renaissance, Washington Online). This movement was sparked in the l ower and upper Manhattan sections of current York City. earlier known as the New Negro Movement, it later became known as the Harlem Renaissance due to where it was birthed and seemed to be the area that it burned the most intense. oneness of the reasons why there was a rise in black culture in the Harlem area is due to the great migration of blacks to Northern cities during the early 1920s. racial discrimination, segregation, and interracial tension were also contributing factors to the Harlem Renaissance. Blacks were tired of being stir up of white America and wanted to break free and express non only black pride but, black culture as well. Langston Hughes emerged as one of the front men of the black movement of expression and art through the use of his poetic writing (Harlem Renaissance Online).Hughes wrote novels, plays, short stories, essays, and childrens books but, he focused most of his attention on poems. Most of Hughes better-known poems were written at the height of t he Harlem Renaissance. Hughes was born in Joplin, Missouri, where he was raised(a) primarily by his m some other (Howes and Slovey 56). In 1921 Hughes enrolled at Columbia University in New York City. While in New York, Hughes became more intrigued with the rise of black culture in Harlem as opposed to his schoolwork. During the course of the next few years Hughes would make a name for himself with some of his famous  whole kit and caboodle such as the poem The Negro Speaks of Rivers and his book The Weary discolour (Howes and Slovey 58). However, he first gained recognition from some of his poems that were put in an anthology called The New Negro. He gained praise from not only blacks but, also from white supporters of the Harlem Renaissance (Strickland 31). He had make his way into the mainstream of great poets and was making an impact for not only himself but for the black community with his creative poetic modal value (Wagner 386).How could one black man stand above all th e other emerging black artists as much as Langston Hughes did? Hughes wanted to come up to for the black community which he was so immersed in. He wanted to do it in a way though that the readers, especially blacks, were able to repair on a personal level to his poems. He did this by use modern forms such as free verse where he did not have to follow a pattern or use rhymes. He sought to make his poetry easy to understand but at the same time portray black culture with both(prenominal) world and dignity (Howes and Slovey 59).He also wrote in black dialect and used black culture such as sack out to present his poems. He would not only use the freedom in his poems like jazz did but, he would also write to the rhythm and beat of jazz medicament which made it flow with a different style. He spoke of both the low times and the good times of the black community (Strickland 32). The style, the simplicity, and the culture that was presented in Hughes poems are what made him shine abov e other black artists. This is how one man went off on his own path and touched black literature as much as he did.Hughes unnatural the world of poetry during an era that was enriched with the rise black culture by using his own creative style. He drew not estimable the black communities praise but, the dominating white cultures as well. He has be by his success to be one of the greatest influences during the Harlem Renaissance. He made a path for both the black community in full general and the world of poetry on the whole.Works CitedHarlem Renaissance. MSN Encarta. 3 November 2004 .Howes, Kelly, and Christine Slovey, eds. Harlem Renaissance. San Francisco GaleGroup, 2001.Kovacs, Joe. The Harlem Renaissance, Washington, DC and the elevate of LangstonHughes. Literary Traveler. 3 November 2004 .Strickland, Michael. African-American Poets. Berkeley Heights Enslow Publishers,1996.Wagner, Jean. Black Poets of the United States from capital of Minnesota Laurence Dunbar to LangstonHu ghes. Urbana U of Illinois P, 1973.

Growth of Telecommunications Systems

Books Wright, Michael and Mukul Patel. 2000. Scientific Ameri move How Things Work today. capital of the United Kingdom Marshall Publishing Ltd. B. 1 The world is currently in the center of a conversation theory revolution as dramatic as the industrial Revolution that pissd our novel society both centuries ago. The growth of telecommunications transcriptions, the arrival of the Internet, and the proliferation of computing machines in e genuinely aspect of our lives be transforming both industrial and knowledge- ground economies round the world. higher(prenominal) disposable incomes and increased leisure time atomic number 18 to a fault fuelling prerequisite for luxury electronic goods and sassy forms of entertainment.Since the British inventor Alexander whole wheat flour Bell patented the tele band in 1877, telephony has become the or so im mannerant form of distance communication. The rally inter draw is now truly global, with submarine cables and communications satellites linking every continent. This globe-spanning earnings handles phone cry (out)s, fax contagious diseases, and cyberspace traffic. The long-distance backbones of the holler meshwork ar high message optical-fiber cables. Lower-capacity squealer cables connect individual phones to the cyberspace. The analog signal from an ordinary phone is sampled 4,000 propagation per second and converted into an 8-bit ddigital signal.Several conversations ass accordingly be ancestral concurrently stack the same cable, physical exercise a technique known as multiplexing, which increases the capacity of the web. Routing calls through the peal electronic earnings is done automatically be telephone centrals. In near future, the telephone network whitethorn also carry video and music transmit, interactive televisions, videophone calls. elongate signal Analog electric signals from ordinary phones are carried by copper cable to the topical anesthetic exchange. Base s tation The al-Qaida station receiving the sthrongest signal from a kiosk phone routes the call to the jail cell phone exchange.Cell The cell phone network is divided into hexagonal cells, each with a base station in the middle. Cell phone exchange Calls are routed to the principal(prenominal) exchange or direct to a base station by the cell phone exchange. Cell phone network Base stations send ddigital study to the cell phone exchange all oer optical-fiber or copper cable. communion satellite Orbiting satellites are gived to route calls between places non cerebrate by a cable. Ddigital signal Ddigital information is multiplexed, allowing multiple signals to be transmitted simultaneously. Fax elevator car Fax transmissions are sent over the telephone network.Line-of-sight atom-bomb link Digitized call from local exchanges are often routed to the main exchange via terrestrial atomise links. local exchange The local exchange digitizes calls for long-distance tra nsmission. Long-distance or foreign connection Optical fibers are used to transmit long-distance calls, umteen optical fiber cables are laid on the seabed. Main exchange The main exchange handles communications between ordinary phones and the cell phone network and routes long-distance and international calls. Microwaves Ddigital information is sent from cell phones to base stations development microwave frequencies.Moving cell phone Mobility is the prime as snip of the cell phone. Optical fibers transmittance ddigital information by light pulses enables some calls to be sent down one fiber simultaneously. Satellite uplink Encrypted ddigital information is sent to satellites using microwave frequencies. Seamless reconnection As the cell phone moves from one cell to an an another(prenominal)(prenominal)(a), the call is rerouted from one base station to the attached, without the break in the conversation. Urban cell Cell are smaller in urban areas, giving the network gr eater capacity. Weakening Signal As the cell phone moves gain away from the base station, the signal weakens. &8212- Tanenbaum, Andrew S. and Maareten van Steen. 2002. Distri just nowed Systems Principles and Paradigms. New Jersey Prentice-Hall, Inc. B. 2 A carry through is often desexualized as a program in execution, that is, a program that is currently being executed on one of the operating(a) systems virtual pprocessors. An important come out is that the operating system scans great care to ensure that independent processes piece of tailnot maliciously or inadvertently affect the correctness of each others behavior. In other words, the fact that multiple processes may be concurrently sharing the same CPU and other computer computer ironware resources is made transparent.Usually, the operating system requires hardware support to enforce this separation. B. 2 Threads in Distributed Systems An important property of delineates is that they fucking provide a satisfactor y mearns of allowing blocking system calls without blocking the entire process in which the thread is running. This property makes threads particularly attractive to use in distributed systems as it makes it much easier to express communication in the form of handleing multiple crystalline connections at the same time. We illustrate this point by taking a closer look at multithreaded thickenings and servers, respectively. B. 2Clients and Servers In the basic client-server model, processes in a distributed system are divided into two (possibly overlapping) groups. A server is a process implementing a specific good, for example, a read system service or a database service. A client is a process that indicates a service from a server by send it a request and subsequently waiting for the servers reply. This client-server interaction, also known as request-reply behavior. B. 2 parley between a client and a server can be implemented by mearns of a simple connectionless protocol whe n the underlying network is fairly reliable as in many local-area networks.In these cases, when a client requests a service, it simply packages a centre for the server, identifying the service it wants, along with the undeniable input data. The message in then sent to the server. The latter, in suit, result always wait for an incoming request, subsequently process it, and package the results in a reply message that is then sent to the client. Page 657 Communication All communication in the weather vane between clients and servers is based on the Hypertext transfer Protocol (HTTP). HTTP is a relatively simple client-server protocol a client sends a request message to a server and waits for a response message.An important property of HTTP is that it is stateless. In other words, it does not select any concept of open connection and does not require a server to maintain information on its clients. The to the highest degree recent transformation of HTTP is described in (Fieldin g et al. , 1999). Page 648 The World Wide Web (WWW) can be viewed as a huge distributed system consisting of millions of clients and servers for accessing linked documents. Servers maintain collections of documents, while clients provide users an easy-to-use user interface for presenting and accessing those documents.The Web started as a hurl at CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory in Geneva, to permit its large and geographically dispersed group of researchers provide access to shared documents using a simple hypertext system. A document could be anything that could be displayed on a users computer terminal, such(prenominal) as personal notes, reports, figures, blueprints, drawings, and so on. By linking documents to each other, it became easy to iintegrate documents from different projects into a hot document without the necessity for centralized changes.The only thing infallible was to construct a document providing links to other relevant documents (see also Ber ners-Lee et al. , 1994). Since 1994, Web developments are primarily initiated and controlled by the World Wide Web Consortium, a collaboration between CERN and M. I. T. this consortium is responsible for tiredizing protocols, improving interoperability, and further enhancing the capabilities of the Web. Its home page can be found at http//www. w3. org/. &8212 London, Sherry. 2000. Illustrator 9 f/x & Design. Arizona The Coriolis Group, LLC. Page 427 Image resolve seems to be a tricky and complex topic the most great deal.I commonly urge folks to work in pixels inside the Photoshop because pixels are frozen(p) A 900-pixel-wide image contains 900 pixels, regardless of its ppl. However, if the ppl is set to 300, the 900-pixel image prints at 3 inches wide if the ppl is set to 100, the 900-pixel image prints 9 inches wide but it belt up contains only 900 pixel across. Therefore, I find it much easier to think in pixels. &8212 Harb, M. 1989. Modern Telephony. New Jersey Prentic e-Hall, Inc. Page 9 The Telephone of Today The end user or subscriber is the main concern in any communication link. The subscriber can be either a private part or a agate line.In all cases, the telephone set is used to transmit and gain vigor, sequentially or simultaneously. The Telephone Set The telephone set is an instrument used to transmit and get together information or calls sequentially or simultaneously, thus permitting one party to communicate with another. For this communicate to take place, the telephone set must become the following particle a transmitter, a receiver, bell, a dialer, and a switchhook. Page 150-152 Cellular spry communication is considered to be the breakthrough that could revolutionize the way businesses think astir(predicate) and use the most common of communication tools the telephone.The cellular mobile telephone is found most often in cars, using low-power radio-frequency carriers to transmit and receive messages in small geographical units called cells. Before the introduction of cellular engine room, most North American cities were using high-power radio-frequency transmitters for mobile telephone transmission. point if a subscriber was lucky enough to have the service, the number of channels was limited, and consequently the possibility of having access to a free line was very slim. Further more, once the subscriber got access to a line, the constituent graphic symbol was brusque and privacy almost nonexistent.This is not the case with the cellular mobile system. With the new technology, subscribers are guaranteed access to a free line 99. 9% of the time. The quality of the voice is comparable to that of regular telephone transmission, and privacy is guaranteed. Cellular mobiles became operable in the United States in 1979, when Ameritech unsettled Communications began serving 2000 subscribers in the city of Chicago. By 1985, over 30,000 subscribers in the United Stated were using cellular mobiles, and this n umber continues to grow in the United States as well(p) as in Canada, the European nations, Japan, and many more.Operation of a Cellular Mobile System Since is not feasible to set up a communication link between two moving cars using a standard telephone line, it is necessary to use a wireless system with a radio antenna to send and receive telephone conversation over the air. The term cellular is derived from the word cell. Cities or towns are divided into geographic areas called cells, each with its own transmitter and receiver. Each cell has a low-power transmission capability, thus making its signal too weak to interfere with other cells with ssimilar frequencies.Generally, the frequency occupied by two subscribers within the same cell cannot be used by any other subscribers within that cell. The plat of a cellular system shown in Figure 12. 1 demonstrates the process of relaying messages from car telephone (or portable telephone) to the cell sites powerless transmitter, to t he Cantel switching slur or MTSO (mobile telephone switching office), and to the wireline telephone companionships switching office, to allow interconnection with the existing telephone system. The message is handed off from one cell site transmitter to the next as the caller crosses a cell boundary, without interruption.A master computer keeps lede of which cells are using which frequencies (see Figure 12. 1), and when a subscriber wishes to call a subscriber outside his or her cell, the computer may reassign frequencies. As a subscriber moves from one cell to the next, the assigned frequency may change, but the subscriber will at all times be served without interference (Figure 12. 2). &8212 Meyers, Mike. 2003. Introduction to PC Hardware and Troubleshooting. Asia McGraw-Hill / Osborne. Page 390 Much of what makes modern computers so powerful is their ability to connection in small or large groups, or networks, and share filing cabinets and resources.Every PC tech worth wise to(p) the basics of networking. After all, why get into computing if you cant while away an afternoon gaming with your buddies, all from the comfort of your computer chair? How Networks Work A network enables two or more computers to share data, hardware such as printers, and even diligences. The computers must have some conneactivity, of course some way for the signal from one machine to reach the other. In addition, the hardware must be compatible and the parcel set up so that the receiving computer can understand what the sending machine sends.Think of two kids chatting over walkie-talkie as a network for communication to occur, the hardware has to be in range for the signal, and it has to be from the same set, and the kids need to speak the same language. Networks work ssimilarly. Computers connect in two basic ways In dial-up networks in topical anesthetic field of operation Networks. In dial-up connection, your computer uses a telephone line to connect to an Internet wait on Provider (ISP), which then gives you access to other computers, perhaps at your office or somewhere on the Internet.Computers in a Local Area Network, on the other hand, are connected to a central cuff either by cables or by radio waves through which they can communicate with each other and, if some machine on the network has the appreciate connection, with other computers on the Internet. Lets look at how both types of network function before we turn to the nuts and bolts of installment and setting up networks. Dial-Up Networks The most common network connection consists of troika pieces a modem, a working telephone line, and an ISP.The modem enables the computer to communicate via phone lines. The phone line provides the link between the modem and the computers at the ISP. The ISP computers connect to the cosmic Kahuna of all networks, the Internet. Property installed you to surf, shop, and otherwise explore websites hosted by computers all over the world. Tune in and tu rn on to dial-up networking. The venerable modem has to recent historic period been challenged by two new consumer technologies for accessing the Internet so-called cable-modems and DSL (Ddigital subscriber Line) service.Your computers basic need for some kind of dividing line to communicate over hasnt charged just the choice of transmission line and the way its used. Both technologies take service of unused capacity on widely available transmission media. Cable modems use the cables already in place in many homes for receiving cable TV signals as their pipeline to the Internet, rather than the telephone system. The cable TV companies take advantage of the fact that their cable TV signals occupy only a fraction of the capacity of the coaxial cables running into your home.Adding a cable modem to your computer enables it to use the cable TV connection as its pipeline to the Internet. Cable modems arent actually modems at all in the sense that the signals they send and receive a re entirely ddigital, but because they perform the same function, they go by the same name. you can install an external cable modem to a port (usually USB) on your computer. Page 394 Modem Technology The modem solves one of the problems with the use of analog voice lines to move ddigital data. Modems take incoming analog serial data in this case, the signal coming over the telephone line- and turn it into ddigital serial data.Likewise, modems turn the signal flowing out of the PC into analog data than can be transferred over the telephone line. This process called modulation / demodulation provides the name for the technology MOdulation / DEModulation, get it Phone lines have a speed based on a unit called a baud, which is one cycle per second. The instant(prenominal) rate that a phone line can achieve is 2,400 baud. Modem can pack multiple bits of data into each baud a 33. 6 kilobits per second (Kbps) modem, for example, packs 14 bits into every baud 2,400 x 14 = 33. 6 Kbps.It is technically incorrect to say, I have a 56 K baud modem. You should instead say, I have a 56 Kbps modem. However, people use the term baud instead of bps so other that the terms have become functionally synonymous. Page 415 A network enables two or more computers to share data, hardware such as printers, and even applications. Computers connect in two basic ways dial-up networks and Local Area Networks. A standard dial-up network connection consists of these pieces a modem, a working telephone line, and an Internet Service Provider (ISP).To make a LAN work, you need to ensure those things conneactivity, compatibility, and proper setup of hardware and package. selective information is broken up and sent between computers in small chunks called packets and then reassembled. Page 1 Everything in your computer fits into one of two categories hardware or package. Anything on your computer that you can touch is hardware. However, hardware only cannot handle all of the PCs complex a ctivities it needs the stand by of software. Software is the technical word for computer programs, the sets of instructions that tell the hardware how to do things.Computer programs are often compared to cooking rrecipes. The recipe tells you how to use the tools to see to it the ingredients, and if all goes well, you produce something edible. In the same way, software instruct the hardware has it manipulates data to produce the desired results, whether thats a memo, a ddigital picture, or an email message. Figure 1. 1 shows a sample of program code. &8212 Stamper, David A. 2001. Local Area Networks Third Edition. New Jersey Prentice-Hall, Inc. Page 135-137 Classes of Software The primer coat for having a computing system is to solve problems and accomplish the business work.The software that does this is called application software. Ordinarily, application software operates in an environment that makes writing and using the application software easier. The environment-creating software can be separated into network focussing, development and network access. Application Software As we mentioned at the author of this section, the main reason we use computing system is to solve business or scientific problems. Thus, the computer and its extension, the network, are simply problem-solving tools.Tthroughout history, humankind has incessantly built new tools and improved on those already invented. At the theme of the computer era, computers were quite primitive tools (at least by todays standards). Programmers at the dawn of the computing age needed to know not only the nuances of the business problem they were solving but also many of the intricacies of the hardware their solution would be running on. In todays application environment, we have a supporting cast of software that helps to create an application environment that is mostly hardware independent.Operating System Software Today, we are so need to using OSs to create the system environment that we take them for granted. However, we were into the second generation of computers before OSs appeared and into the third generation of computers before OSs became common. You may correctly infer from this that OSs are not absolutely necessary and, in the early years of personal computing, a vvariety of applications run without using the work of an OS. The IBM Personal Computer (PC) came equipped with a radical interpreter in a read-only memory.Thus, if you did not have the book operating system (DOS), you could equable use your computer by writing and running BASIC programs. Without DOS, BASIC was the operating environment. Furthermore, a few early programs functioned in a complete mode. These programs where on a recordette and were loaded when the computer was loaded. In this mode, if you valued to run another program, you swapped disk and rebooted. Without an OS, the application program is responsible for accomplishing many hardware-oriented functions such as input/output (I/ O) and memory management.Because these task are common to all applications, software engineers developed OS software. The OS manages the resources of the computer and creates an application environment in which it is easier to develop and use application software because the OS takes care of a vvariety of functions formerly done by applications. somewhat of these functions are Memory management File management User interface I/O interfaces Resource allocation Accounting Protection/ trade protection Today, systems running on a LAN are more civilise that the early systems that ran without an OS a LAN node without an OS is unthinkable.Memory forethought When the computer is started, the OS is loaded into memory a certain mountain of the available memory is constantly occupied by the resident piece of the OS. The OS manages the remaining memory and allocates it among itself and the requesting processes according to a memory management scheme adopted by the OS designers. Mos t current OSs use a memory management algorithm called virtual memory. With virtual memory, the disk is used as an extension of real memory. A process may be thought of as consisting of pages of data and code.File Management A disk is a raw storage device. It has the ability to store bits of data but inherently does not have the ability to organize those bits into files, files into directories, and so on. The OS provides this level of disk organization. it establish the data structure that allows users to create partitions, directories volumes, and other disk subdivisions. Some file management systems allow multiple disks to be combines into one logical disk. The file management system allows users to create, delete, and access files.The file management system maintains the directory structure and store directory and file information such as the date and time last modified, end-of-file pointer, and the file or directories locations on disk. Obviously, there are fundamental aspects of using a system. User interface When a programmer begins to write a program, an environment is created for that user. If you are a programmer, you may need to use a text editor, compiler, link editor, and application program interface (API), which allows you to use OS procedures to carry out activities such as creating a new file, or starting a new process.Sometimes a compiler or interpreter includes the API interfaces. Protection Security Today, just about everyone is aware that security is an important aspect of computer usage. The OS provides the base on which security is established. We wait the OS to prevent user programs from crashing the system and to eliminate the intrusion of one program into the memory occupied by another programs data. In shared systems, we also expect the OS and the file management system to provide certain levels of file security. Commonly, an OS will at least provide capabilities that allow administrators to define which users can read, write, o r erase a file.

The Marketing Mix Revisited: Towards The 21St Century Marketing Essay

merchandise planIntroduction            Different backupes operate within a given up merchandise and aim at attracting to a greater extent than customers as sound as reservation profits finished higher sales. Furthermore, it is often the aim of any given attach to to ensure that it provides results that entrust incr tranquility its merchandise sh ar and illuminate it competitive in the grocery place (Khan, 97-107). Therefore, every descent leave fabricate foodstuff strategies that go forth help it gain competitive advantage as well as make profits and have more customers for its products. When starting clock time a business and one wants to enter in to a trade with a new product, it is important to have a market strategy which addresses the merchandise mix the follow go away apply as well as the business surround it result operate in (Khan, 97-107). The followers proposal involves the details on the marketing strategy that the guild will apply for the Organic Mint cocoa starting line Scrub. telephone circuit purlieu            short letter environmental is do up of the internal and external factors which f completely upon the operations of a business. In this case, the business environment for the Mint Chocolate product is suitable for the product. On political basis, the political en businesses environment has changed a lot over the years and it has opened up for business crosswise the world (International Cocoa Foundation, n.p). There is political will for across many countries in hurt of business policies which businesses female genitals rely on. The sleep with of trade barriers have been addressed through with(predicate) trade treaties which allow businesses to explode in to other countries. Therefore, based on the business regulations and rules governing business registration, production of goods as well as the issue of taxe s that will be paid, the environment is welcoming and accordingly there is a chance of emergence and growth (Khan, 97-107).            There is political stability which is suitable for the business consequently growth will be experienced within the next 2 years. There have been a lot of technological developments which have helped businesses to fatten up (Khan, 97-107). Due to the increased technological development, the troupe will bowl over more customers through the single-valued function of social media as well as the lucre for marketing. Furthermore, the cost of production will be lower hence the prices that will be charged for the product will be affordable hence there is a chance of attracting more customers (Constantinides, 407-438). The market for knockout products is quite an huge as part of the microeconomic factors which will affect the business. Companies such(prenominal) as Barneys opened up the market and from obse rvations there is a huge market across the world. Furthermore, the demand for the mantrap products is also quick available although the company will face competition of which it plans to over precipitate through its marketing mix.The capability competitors            There are several competitors in the market which the company will need to face. Some of the potential competitors include BircyhBox, Sabon NYC, as well as ULTA. The company will need to formulate a marketing strategy that will fight the competition and increase the gainfulness of the company (Constantinides, 407-438). However, it is to be noted the market for the radical hot drinking burnt umber beauty products has grown over the years. Therefore, despite the stiff competition, the company through its set strategy will be able to overcome the competition. electric potential Business Partners            It is important for a business to engage business partners so that it can be able to realize the benefits of economies of scale that are available. In this case, the potential business partners of the company will be company such as Barneys, Rickys NYC, and Urban Outfitters as the major retailers that can help the company prosper (Constantinides, 407-438). The relationships with these companies will be in terms of the dispersal and the retail of the product so that the company can be able to reach a large number of customers that visit these retail stores.Market trends            everywhere the years, there has been great development in the market with customers embracing the use of beauty products. The market trends have inclined towards the increased use of beauty products hence the growth in the business. The consumers however have become more conscious about their health hence considering that this product is made of organic cocoa, it may be a challenge. However, due to the growth in the market, consumers are likely to embrace it since the pricing of the product will be affordable.Potential market segments            The potential market segment that the company will be targeting with this product is the youths and young adults. The female youths enjoy products that are made of chocolate which hold some emotional attachment in terms of the bash and building relationships and feeling confident. Furthermore, the female gender will form the largest function of the market that will be targeted as females are known to have it away beauty products than the males. Therefore, in this case, the targeted market segment will be made of female youths aged between the age of 15 to 29 years youths as well as some adults aged between 30 to 45 years, although the product will be available for the older contemporaries too.Geographic Location            Beaut y products are used worldwide and because it is a matter of the company choosing which location it will concentrate its business. The US market seems to have grown a lot in terms of the market as well as the demand for the product. Therefore, since this is the initial business, the company will come on its business in the US, the city of New York. The city provides a wide market for the product in addition to the ease of distribution of the product to the customers. Therefore, the first business will be located in the US but as time goes by and with act growth, the company hopes to expand its operations in to other countries such as England, and across Europe before it can expand to the African Continent. marketing mix            It is important that a company should ensure that it has a marketing mix that meets the needs of the consumers as the primary aim is to capture the market and ensure the company has a higher market share (Kha n, 97-107). The marketing mix of this company will include the product, the price of the product, the distribution as well as the promotion of the product.Product            The company is planning to upraise the Organic Mint Chocolate Sugar Scrub which will be made from organic cocoa among other ingredients (Constantinides, 407-438). The Mint Chocolate Sugar Scrub will be made in form of chocolate bars and packaged in paper packs unlike others that are jam-packed in polythene packs. This is to help conserve the environment. Furthermore, this product will come in variety of colours but the flavour will expect to be mint flavour since no companies produce mint chocolate beauty products.Pricing            The beauty products that are offered have been in the market for some time and hence there is need to ensure that the price for the Mint Chocolate Sugar Scrub is favourable for the customers. Th e aim of the company is to attract customers hence the price will be lower than that of the circulating(prenominal) players in the market (Constantinides, 407-438). Furthermore, the price will also depend on the size of the chocolate bar whereby the bigger the bar, the higher the price although for start, all bars will be of medium uniform size. Therefore, the price will be based on the current market prices but is pass judgment to rise after(prenominal) the business stabilizes.Place (distribution)            The place or the distribution of the product is important. Since this is the first time this product will be first appearance the market, it will be important to place it strategically where customers can locate it easily. The product will be available in major retail stores such as Cos Bar, Sephora and Blue Mercury among others (Constantinides, 407-438). Furthermore, the product will also be available online on the website of the company since there will be an online store.Promotion            It is important to promote the product since it is new in the market. Promotion will help create market awareness of the product as well as help in expending the market share of the company. The promotional strategy that the company will use includes online marketing whereby the company will open up a social media compute to post its products and reach out to customers (Constantinides, 407-438). Furthermore, the company will promote its products through television adverts as well as free samples since it is the first time the product is entering the market. All these promotional methods will enable the company to reach out to the customers and build a strong customer base. In conclusion, the company expects the business top start and develop at a gradual pace over the next 2 years after which rapid growth is expected over the next 5 years.ReferencesConstantinides, E. The Ma rketing Mix Revisited Towards The 21St Century Marketing. Journal Of Marketing Management 22.3/4 (2006) 407-438. Business Source Complete.Web. 13 Dec. 2014.International Cocoa Foundation.The Chocolate constancy February 2014 Retrieved from http//www.icco.org/about-cocoa/chocolate-industry.html on 13th December 2014Khan, Muhammad Tariq. The Concept Of Marketing Mix And Its Elements (A conceptual Review Paper). International Journal Of Information, Business & Management 6.2 (2014) 95-107. Business Source Complete.Web. 13 Dec. 2014.Source document

Romeo and Juliet vs Wesi Side Story

Ro bingley 1 Samuel Rooney Danielle Cornum incline 9 30 January 2012 Similarities and Differences of Romeo and Juliet and double-u Side Story No one goes through all of life without the knowledge of these twain timeless classics West Side Story and Romeo and Juliet. These films argon each a great literary work that defines the true meaning of life, sorrows and love. We all postulate knowledge of Shakespeargons original Romeo and Juliet. In 1957 Leonard Bernstein created a Broadway Musical with a plot connatural to Romeo and Juliet.As well as this film, Baz Luhrmann created a film in 1996 using the take aim play write from the original Romeo and Juliet set in modern times. Luhrmann entitle his film simple, Romeo and Juliet. These cardinal timeless tales can be compared in numerous ways, much(prenominal) as the differences and similarities Romeo and tony, the differences and similarities of each of the fighting fits, and the differences and similarities of the wedding scene. Rome and Tony are two of the roughly complex characters in all of literature. They can be compared and contrasted in many ways.The two different characters each have their precise own attitude, this sets them ap nontextual matter but also brings the similarities out. Ay me Sad hours seem long. Was that my forefather that went hence so fast? (Lit Book) when you first come upon Romeo he is no-account and lovesick. On the contrary when you first come upon Tiny he is in truth upbeat and joking Rooney 2 with his friends two very different attitudes. The actions of these two are also very good examples of comparing and contrasting the similarities and differences amid Romeo and Juliet and West Side Story. What shall this speech be spoken for our excuse? Or shall we go on without apology? (Lit Book) Romeo is very reluctant to go to the party, he is nervous and scared. On the contrary, Tony is happy and excited to go the party, he welcomes the contend to meet new women. Last but not least both(prenominal) Rome and Tony are hopeless Romantics, and there is no cure for such a disease as romanticism. It is I my lady. Oh, it is my love Oh, that she knew she were (Lit Book) they both have a very potent form of love. They cannot get over Juliet in Romeos case and Maria in Tonys case.Hopeless Romanticism is the most common similarity that Tony and Romeo have. Many more similarities and differences can be found, these are the main points that have been brought to attention for this particular essay. Many think that these two fighting scenes are straight forward and not complex, but on the contrary there are many similarities and differences. In Romeo and Juliet the fighting scene is somewhat of a duel, and not a full on armed combat such as in West Side Story. Romeo, the love I bear for thee can afford. No better term than this thou art a villain. In Romeo and Juliet Tybalt challenges

Product Life Cycle Theory

The intersection superman manners story wheel system is utilise to seize and analyze various maturity date legs of yields and industries. w atomic number 18 innovation and diffusion regula elevation long-term drills of world(prenominal) job in. This term mathematical harvest- fundament bearing cycle was roled for the first clipping in 1965, by Theodore Levitt in an Harvard Business examine term Exploit the harvest Life cycles/second. Anything that satisfies a consumers involve is c altoge in that respectd a produce. It whitethorn be a tangible crossway (clothes, crockery, cars, house, gadgets) or an intangible service (banking, health cargon, hotel service, airline service).Ir single of the kind of harvest-feast, all harvestings introduced into the grocery store undergo a common behavior history cycle. To understand what this yield life cycle scheme is all ab give away, let us surrender a quick look at its definition. harvest-feast Life turn ex stick outation A crossroad life cycle refers to the time dot surrounded by the launch of a product into the securities fabrication till it is finally withdrawn. In a nut shell, product life cycle or PLC is an odyssey from modern and innovative to old and outdated This cycle is split into four diverse com cut into points which encompass the products journey from its entry to exit from the mart. Product Life Cycle re-createsThis cycle is based on the all familiar biological life cycle, wherein a seed is planted (introduction correspond), germinates (growth stage), sends out roots in the worldly concern and shoots with branches and leaves a forget me drug aheadst gravity, thereby maturing into an adult (maturity stage). As the plant lives its life and nears old age, it shrivels up, shrinks and dies out ( extraction stage). Similarly, a product also has a life cycle of its own. A products entry or launching phase into the market corresponds to the introduction stage. As the product gains popularity and wins the trust of consumers it begins to grow.Further, with increasing gross gross sales, the product earmarks enough market constituent and gets stable in the market. This is called the maturity stage. However, after around time, the product gets overpowered by latest proficient developments and entry of superior competitors in the market. Soon the product becomes obsolete and needs to be withdrawn from the market. This is the decline phase. This was the crux of a product life cycle possible action and the graph of a products life cycle looks like a bell-shaped curve. permit us fag oftentimes(prenominal)(prenominal) into this management theory. Introduction Stage After conducting thorough market attempt, the comp all develops its product.Once the product is ready, a test market is carried out to memorize the viability of the product in the actual market, before it evict set al-Qaida into the mass market. Results of the test market be used to make chastisement if any and then launched into the market with various promotional strategies. Since the product has s put uptily been introduced, growth observed is very slight, market size is small and merchandise hail be steep (promotional cost, be of setting up dispersion channels). Thus, introduction stage is an aw beness creating stage and is non associated with boodleHowever, tight vigilance is required to ensure that the product reachs the growth stage. Identifying hindering factors and natty them off at the bud stage is crucial for the products future. If corrections can non be make or ar impractical, the marketer withdraws the product from the market. Read to a greater extent on types of market research. Growth Stage Once the introductory stage goes as per anticipate, the initial spark has been set, however, the fire has to be kindled by proper c atomic number 18. The marketer has managed to gain consumers attention and now works on increasing th eir products market share.As output appends, economies of scale is seen and better equipment casualtys come almost, conducing to remuneration in this stage. The marketer states the quality and features of the product ( may add extra features) and examine fault mental synthesis. The aim here is to coax consumers to prefer and choose this product rather than those sold by competitors. As sales increase statistical distribution channels are added and the product is marketed to a broader audience. Thus, quick sales and put ons are characteristics of this stage. Read more than(prenominal) on market tools. Maturity StageThis stage views the closely arguing as assorted companies struggle to maintain their respective market shares. The cliche survival of the fittest is applicable here. Companies are busy observe products value by the consumers and its sales generation. Most of the profits are made in this stage and research costs are minimum. Any research conducted orda in be confined to product enhancement and improvement al champion. Since consumers are aware of the product, promotional and advertising costs result also be impressi 1r. In the midst of soaked competition, companies may even reduce their prices in response to the tough times.The maturity stage is the stabilizing stage, wherein sales are mellow, but their pace is slow, however, brand loyalty develops im discriminateing profits. Read more on marketing plans. turn away Stage After a period of stable growth, the revenue generated from sales of the product starts dipping due to market saturation, stiff competition and latest technological developments. The consumer loses interest in this product and begins to seek other options. This stage is characterized by shrinking market share, dwindling product popularity and plummeting profits. This stage is a very delicate stage and needs to be handled wisely.The type of response contributes to the future of the product. The company needs to harbour picky efforts to raise the products popularity in the market once again, by either step-down cost of the product, tapping bracing markets or withdrawing the product. Read more on selling Services market Mix Marketing Tips It is substanceeeant to note that, not all products go done and through the entire life cycle. Just as how not all seeds sown germinate, not all products launched into the market succeed. whatever flop at the introductory stage, piece some fail to capture market share due to quick fizzling out.Moreover, some marketers rapidly diverseness strategies when the product reaches decline phase and by various promotional strategies rule the lost glory, thereby achieving cyclic maturity phases. Application of product life cycle is important to marketers because via this analysis they can manage their product thoroughly and prevent it from incurring losses. A well-managed product life cycle leads to rise in profits and does not necessarily end. Produ ct innovations, juvenile marketing strategies,etc. keeps the product appealing to customers for a very long period of time.Hope this article on product life cycle theory was informative and accommodative The product life-cycle theory is an economic theory that was essential by Raymond Vernon in response to the failure of the Heckscher-Ohlin fashion model to explain the observed pattern of international quite a little. The theory suggests that wee in a products life-cycle all the parts and comminute associated with that product come from the area in which it was invented. After the product becomes adopted and used in the world markets, doing gradually moves away from the point of origin.In some situations, the product becomes an item that is imported by its received hoidenish of invention. 1 A commonly used example of this is the invention, growth and production of the in-person computer with respect to the join States. The model applies to labor-saving and capital-usin g products that (at least at first) provide to high-income groups. In the untested product stage, the product is produced and consumed in the US no export trade occurs. In the maturing product stage, mass-production techniques are demonstrable and irrelevant demand (in highly-developed countries) expands the US now exports the product to other developed countries.In the standardized product stage, production moves to developing countries, which then export the product to developed countries. The model demonstrates dynamic comparative receipts. The country that has the comparative expediency in the production of the product changes from the innovating (developed) country to the developing countries. Contents hide 1 Product life-cycle o1. 1 Stage 1 Introduction o1. 2 Stage 2 Growth o1. 3 Stage 3 Maturity o1. 4 Stage 4 Saturation o1. 5 Stage 5 Decline 2 References editProduct life-cycle There are four stages in a products life cycle introduction ?growth ?maturity ?saturation ?d ecline The reparation of production depends on the stage of the cycle. editStage 1 Introduction New products are introduced to meet local (i. e. , national) needs, and new products are first exported to exchangeable countries, countries with homogeneous needs, preferences, and incomes. If we also presume similar evolutionary patterns for all countries, then products are introduced in the most advanced nations. (E. g. , the IBM PCs were produced in the US and spread quickly throughout the industrialized countries. ) editStage 2 GrowthA copy product is produced elsewhere and introduced in the base of operations country (and elsewhere) to capture growth in the home market. This moves production to other countries, usually on the basis of cost of production. (E. g. , the clones of the early IBM PCs were not produced in the US. ) The Period till the the Maturity Stage is known as the Saturation Period. editStage 3 Maturity The industry contracts and concentrates &8212 the lowest cost producer wins here. (E. g. , the numerous another(prenominal) clones of the PC are made almost entirely in lowest cost locations. ) editStage 4 Saturation This is a period of stability.The sales of the product reach the peak and there is no save chess gifting to increase it. this stage is characterised by Saturation of sales (at the early part of this stage sales remain stable then it starts falling). It continues till substitutes enter into the market. Marketer must try to develop new and alternative uses of product. editStage 5 Decline Poor countries constitute the only markets for the product. Therefore almost all declining products are produced in developing countries. (E. g. , PCs are a very short example here, mainly because there is weak demand for computers in developing countries.A better example is textiles. ) Note that a particular potent or industry (in a country) stays in a market by adapting what they make and sell, i. e. , by riding the waves. For example, approximately 80% of the revenues of H-P are from products they did not sell five years ago. the profits go back to the legion old country. ? trade theory holding that a company will begin by exporting its product and ulterior undertake unknown count on investment funds as the product moves through its lifecycle ? As products acquire, both location of sales and optimal production changes ?Affects the direction and flow of imports and exports ? globalisation and integration of the economy makes this theory less valid ?Trade significance ? ?Increased emphasis on technologys impact on product cost ? Explained international investment ?Limitations ?Most appropriate for technology-based products ? several(prenominal) products not easily characterized by stages of maturity ? Most relevant to products produced through mass production Marketing &gt Product Life Cycle The Product Life Cycle A products life cycle (PLC) can be divided into several stages characterized by the revenue g enerated by the product.If a curve is drawn showing product revenue over time, it may take one of many contrasting shapes, an example of which is shown below Product Life Cycle Curve The life cycle concept may apply to a brand or to a category of product. Its succession may be as short as a a couple of(prenominal) months for a fad item or a cytosine or more for product categories such as the gasoline-powered automobile. Product development is the pensiveness stage of the product life cycle. There are no sales and the firm prepares to introduce the product. As the product progresses through its life cycle, changes in the marketing flow usually are equired in roam to ar clench to the evolving scraps and opportunities. Introduction Stage When the product is introduced, sales will be low until customers become aware of the product and its benefits. Some firms may announce their product before it is introduced, but such announcements also alert competitors and remove the cistro n of surprise. Advertising costs typically are high during this stage in order to rapidly increase customer awareness of the product and to point the early adopters. During the introductory stage the firm is likely to incur additional costs associated with the initial distribution of the product.These higher costs coupled with a low sales volume usually make the introduction stage a period of negative profits. During the introduction stage, the primary goal is to prepare a market and build primary demand for the product class. The pursual are some of the marketing mix implications of the introduction stage Product one or few products, relatively undifferentiated Price by and large high, assuming a skim determine strategy for a high profit margin as the early adopters buy the product and the firm seeks to recoup development costs quickly.In some cases a penetration pricing strategy is used and introductory prices are set low to gain market share rapidly. scattering Distribut ion is selective and scattered as the firm commences implementation of the distribution plan. advance Promotion is aimed at building brand awareness. Samples or trial incentives may be directed toward early adopters. The introductory promotion also is intended to entice potential resellers to harbour the product. Growth Stage The growth stage is a period of rapid revenue growth.Sales increase as more customers become aware of the product and its benefits and additional market segments are targeted. Once the product has been proven a success and customers begin asking for it, sales will increase further as more retailers become interested in carrying it. The marketing group may expand the distribution at this point. When competitors enter the market, often during the later part of the growth stage, there may be price competition and/or increased promotional costs in order to convince consumers that the firms product is better than that of the competition.During the growth stage, the goal is to gain consumer preference and increase sales. The marketing mix may be modified as follows Product New product features and packaging options improvement of product quality. Price maintained at a high level if demand is high, or bring down to capture additional customers. Distribution Distribution becomes more intensive. Trade discounts are minimal if resellers show a strong interest in the product. Promotion Increased advertising to build brand preference. Maturity Stage The maturity stage is the most profitable. firearm sales continue to increase into this stage, they do so at a slower pace. Because brand awareness is strong, advertising expenditures will be reduced. Competition may result in decreased market share and/or prices. The competing products may be very similar at this point, increasing the difficulty of differentiating the product. The firm places effort into encouraging competitors customers to switch, increasing tradition per customer, and conve rting non-users into customers. Sales promotions may be offered to encourage retailers to give the product more shelf space over competing products.During the maturity stage, the primary goal is to maintain market share and extend the product life cycle. Marketing mix finalitys may include Product Modifications are made and features are added in order to differentiate the product from competing products that may fix been introduced. Price mathematical price reductions in response to competition while stay offing a price war. Distribution New distribution channels and incentives to resellers in order to avoid losing shelf space. Promotion Emphasis on differentiation and building of brand loyalty. Incentives to get competitors customers to switch.Decline Stage regular(a)tually sales begin to decline as the market becomes saturated, the product becomes technologically obsolete, or customer tastes change. If the product has developed brand loyalty, the profitability may be main tained longer. Unit costs may increase with the declining production volumes and eventually no more profit can be made. During the decline phase, the firm ordinaryly has deuce-ace options nurture the product in hopes that competitors will exit. Reduce costs and find new uses for the product. Harvest it, reducing marketing reenforcement and coasting along until no more profit can be made. Discontinue the product when no more profit can be made or there is a successor product. The marketing mix may be modified as follows Product The number of products in the product line may be reduced. Rejuvenate surviving products to make them look new again. Price Prices may be lowered to liquidate inventory of dis move products. Prices may be maintained for continued products serving a niche market. Distribution Distribution becomes more selective. Channels that no longer are profitable are phased out. Promotion Expenditures are lower and aimed at reinforcing the brand image for continued products.Limitations of the Product Life Cycle Concept The term life cycle implies a well-defined life cycle as observed in living organisms, but products do not have such a predictable life and the specific life cycle curves followed by different products vary substantially. Consequently, the life cycle concept is not well-suited for the forecasting of product sales. Furthermore, critics have argued that the product life cycle may become self-fulfilling. For example, if sales peak and then decline, managers may conclude that the product is in the decline phase and therefore cut the advertising budget, thus precipitating a further decline.Nonetheless, the product life cycle concept helps marketing managers to plan alternate marketing strategies to address the challenges that their products are likely to face. It also is re withdrawable for monitoring sales results over time and comparing them to those of products having a similar life cycle. Marketing &gt Product LifecycleThe Pr oduct Cycle and its Implications Let us begin by reviewing Vernons principal points regarding the technological and geographical transitions of industries. His product-cycle paradigm suggested that an industrys conflict will go through a predictable series of stages To begin with, U.S. -controlled enterprises generate new products and processes in response to the high per capita income and the relative availability of productive factors in the United States they introduce these products or processes overseas through exports when their export position is exist they establish overseas subsidiaries to exploit what remains of their usefulness they retain their oligopolistic advantage for a period of time, then lose it as the basis for the overlord lead is completely eroded. (1971 66)While Vernons main objective was to explain the causes and con successivenesss of foreign investment, the stages that he identified also implied that an industrys perspective on trade form _or_ syste m of governmentComment on Deardorff 2 will evolve. Industries can be expected to favor open markets when they are competitive and to favor defense when they are not. Deardorffs analysis is largely consonant with this cycle, but brings into closer affection the role of developing countries exports in challenging the developed countries industries.While I am largely in agreement with the basic points raised by both Vernon and Deardorff, I would suggest cardinal adjustments. The first is that a different policy question may be in order. To paraphrase, Deardorffs question seems to be, volition developed countries respond to increased competition from developing countries by erection new barriers to trade? I would sort of ask, How will the interests of declining industries in developed countries affect the pace and form of new trade liberalization? While I understand the usefulness of the simplifying assertion that the two countries in the model are ab initio engaged in still trade (ibid. 3), I think it is evenly simple and more literalistic to begin with the assumption that restrictions to trade already exist. It would be a great exaggeration to claim that the WTO rules are so watertight as to prevent countries from imposing any new restrictions on trade, but I would quarrel with the suggestion that we manifestly assume that increased import competition will lead the North to implement a tariff on imports (ibid. 9). The track record for both legislated protection 1 and safeguards cases 2 suggests that protectionist industries have had little success in winning accept from government.The clear trend of the past half century has been towards the reduction of tariffs and (more recently) the reversal or elimination of quotas. In an environment of declining tariff barriers, the best that most protectionist industries can hope for is to secure a pledge that their products be exempted from reductions. Even when one acknowledges the continuation of peak t ariffs in some industries and the mischief that can be done with antidumping duties and other instruments of protection, the fact remains that markets are much more open today than they were in decades past.Moreover, the rules are more universal and enforceable under the WTO than they were under the GATT. The second important departure is that the range of options is not limited to a dichotomous choice between free trade or protection. Beyond the almost trivial point that there are many degrees of openness, representing every step from zero barriers to confiscatory levels of protection, discrimination is an evenly important consideration. Here the rules of the GATT and WTO have been permissive.Free trade agreements (FTAs) and customs unions are permissible exceptions to the general rule of universal most-favored-nation treatment (provided that they meet the requirements of GATT article XXIV), and preferential trade programs such as the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) are granted waivers. While each of these options provide for more liberal trade, and many extend special treatment to developing countries, they are widely seen as a second-best alternative to nondiscriminatory liberalization.For reasons that I explore below, however, the increasing use of these discriminatory instruments can also be portrayed as a natural consequence of the product cycle. 1 Although there have been many efforts since the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act of 1930 to enact bills imposing tariffs or quotas on imports, no major bills have been enacted over a presidential veto. There have been several instances, however, in which presidents felt obliged to make concessions to protectionist demands in order to win congressional approval of some other market-opening initiative (especially new grants of negotiating authority or the approval of a trade agreement).In other words, some of the rare steps backward have been price for making two steps forward. 2 Petitioners have succeeded i n winning import protection in only 23 of the 70 cases considered in the quarter century since enactment of the current safeguards law (section 201 of the Trade Act of 1974). Comment on Deardorff 3 Implications of the Product Cycle for Trade Policy The product-cycle model could be used to explain any one of three approaches to trade policy.Depending on how one views the interests of firms and the responses of government, the cycle could be predicted to encourage more open markets, more protection, or more discrimination. Under the benign view that seems implicit in Vernons analysis, the product cycle can be portrayed as a progressive mechanism. A country with an efficient process of inventive destruction could theoretically sustain a permanent free-trade orientation, with few or no exceptions for specific industries.Vernons views were similar to those of Schumpeter (1936), who believed that a combination of entrepreneurial innovation and periodic depressions provided just such an e ngine of progress. A real free-trading country would regularly produce a new crop of innovators, while firms that lost their competitiveness would either find new lines of work or be swept away when the business cycle swung downward. The survivors favor open markets. This Darwinian optimism is challenged, however, if firms and workers in a declining industry refuse to go gently into that good night.A more pessimistic interpretation is that old firms and their workers do not always conveniently disappear or get reabsorbed into the economy, but instead seek ways to keep alive even after they pass their prime. Deardorffs analysis falls into this second category. He concludes that factor owners in the developed country will respond to a competitive challenge by demanding and receiving protection. I offer yet a third alternative, in which the product cycle encourages the reduction of trade barriers but does so in an increasingly discriminatory fashion.My accommodation of Vernons model, which is illustrated in Figure 1, departs from the original in two ways. First, I believe that a wider range of stages should be represented in the model. Second, I more explicitly state what the trade (in addition to the investment) preferences of an industry will be as it passes through these stages. My adaptation recognizes that the policy options available to industries and countries are not limited to opening or closing the market, but also allow for discriminatory initiatives that better supply themselves to manipulation on behalf of specific firms or trading partners.The stages might one by one be termed pre-competitive, semi-competitive, competitive, and post-competitive. The distinctions between industries in stages 2, 3, and 4A are particularly important. Each one of these stages is pro-trade, but they favor different emphases in both the objectives and form of trade agreements. Only the Stage 3A industry is the pure free-trader. Industries in stages 2, 3B, and 4A each ta ke a more qualified approach to open markets, and may be reluctant to punt universal liberalization.An industrys most small choice comes in the fourth stage, when it must choose between strike out into the domestic market or relocation of its production offshore. The initial decision to invest overseas might have been made in an before stage, prompted by such diverse objectives as gaining or maintaining access to a large and protected foreign market, taking advantage of lower profit rates and less restrictive regulatory environments, or reducing expatriation costs. When an industrys competitiveness declines, however, it could decide to teddy bear most or all of its production offshore.Those firms that become multinational producers (Stage 4A) acquire interests and preferences very different from those that do not (Stage 4B). A multinational producer will be much more favorably disposed towards open markets than a mature domestic industry, but will not inevitably be a paragon o f free-trade purism. These producers may perceive a strong incentive to support discriminatory options, especially if they create sanctuary markets at home or abroad. Home About Privacy Reprints Terms of UseCopyright 2002-2010 NetMBA. com. All rights reserved. This web berth is operated by the Internet Center for Management and Business Administration, Inc. Search NetMBA position Information Home About Privacy Reprints Terms of Use Marketing Accounting Economics Finance Management Marketing Operations Statistics strategy ? ?In recent years an extensive theoretical literature has been offered examining the implications of the product cycle (PC) model of trade (Hirsch 1967 Vernon 1966). 1) Emphasizing knowledge transfers, Krugman (1979) constructed a general equilibrium model consisting of an innovating North country and an imitating southeast country. (2) A bring up implication of the PC is that the North must continually innovate in the face of the atomic number 16s abili ty to eventually imitate each new product. The flying-geese (FG) theory (inter alia, Akamatsu, 1935 Kojima, 2000, 2003 Ozawa, 1993, 2001, 2005) elaborates on the mature stage of the PC by examining conditions under which an initially imitating southeastern country itself looses the comparative advantage in producing the mature product due to rising labor costs.The loss in comparative advantage results in the further and sequential transfer of production to less developed other South countries and the accompanying recycle of the Norths import market among themselves, a phenomenon that can be called market or comparative advantage cycle (Ozawa, 1993 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 1995). ?This article specifically examines one particular mature PC import, TV sets, in the U. S. arket and its changing pattern of exporting economies from East Asiafirst, from Japan and then from the Newly Industrializing Economies (NIEs) (Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, and South Korea ), from the experience of Southeast Asian Nations-4 (ASEAN-4) (Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines), and more recently, from China. ?True, technological progress continues in the TV set industry (e. g. , digitalization, flat-panel sets, and high definition TV HDTV), but set manufacturing has practically disappeared in the United States (Chandler, 2001).Incremental innovations are now being introduced broadly in the South/follower countries themselves, especially in Japan and South Korea. East Asia has emerged as the worlds largest concentration of consumer electronics production. (3) In this sense, TV sets are surely a mature product for the United States (too mature to be retained). In short, our study examines the phenomenon of PC-based imports and market recycling as witnessed in the United States and explores policy implications for both North and South countries in the age of globalization. There have been several tests for the existence of the PC. Tsurumi and Tsurumi (1980) appoint support for the PC by find that the U. S. price elasticity of demand for color TV sets increased over time as U. S. consumers chose between domestic- and Japanese-produced color TV sets. Audretsch (1987) also found support by determining that growth industries tend to be more R D oriented while mature industries allocate few resources to this activity.Cantwell (1995) concluded that over time the share of patents of multinational corporations located abroad increased for most countries from 1920 to 1990, which supported the internationalization of investment by technological leaders. Gagnon and Rose (1995) found that a trade surplus (deficit) of a trade good is likely to persist over a long period of time, a trend that is counter to the PC and more consistent with factor proportions theory (which closely parallels the FG theory). ?Econometric tests for the FG theory have been limited.Dowling and Cheang (2000) found support for the FG theory by utilizing b oth Balassas revealed comparative advantage index and foreign direct investment (FDI) ratios for East Asian countries. Using Spearman rank correlation coefficients and examining three periods (1970-95, 1970-85, and 1985-95), they found that economic development trickled down from Japan to the NIEs and then to ASEAN-4. Cutler et al. (2003) analyze labor-intensive trade data from Japan, the NIEs, the ASEAN-4, and China to the United States and found support for the FG theory (market recycling). In this article, we are interested in testing for the kinetics of the combined PC-FG framework. Using annual data from 1961 to 2002 for TV sets, we use cointegration techniques to see a system of multiple cointegrated vectors representing the sequential transfer of the U. S. TV import market from Japan to the NIEs, to the ASEAN-4, and finally to China. We develop a methodology of rendition both the cointegrating vectors and the speeds of adjustment as a technique to test for the recycling of the U. S. import market among the East Asian economies.We argue that our analysis has implications for the rising HDTV and flat-panel TV sets markets as well as patterns of behavior in lower developed South countries such as China, Vietnam, and India as these countries are actively pursuing inward FDI in higher value-added industries. ?Section II presents the theoretical framework, and section III provides the data and background information about the regions TV set manufacturing. Section IV discusses the empirical techniques and results of the analysis. Section V touches on policy implications and offers conclusions. ?II.CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ?Electronics is an R & D-based industry where new products and processes are constantly innovated and competitiveness shifts from one product to another sequentially, an industry that is characterized by short PCs. The Schumpeterian concept of creative destruction aptly applies to innovators home markets. A fast pace of technological stand ardization and maturity for a given new product leads to an equally swift outward shift of production from the innovators (North) country to overseas, as conceptualized in the PC theory of trade and investment.In the early developmental phase of electronics, the United States was the dominant source of innovations, as seen in the original PC theory (Hirsch, 1967 Vernon, 1966), but other countries in Europe and East Asia also soon emerged as active innovators, as presented in the revised version (Vernon, 1979). Nonetheless, the United States still continues to play the major roles of both technology and market providers to East Asian economies.Yet, as depict in the original PC theory, conventional TV sets and many other mature electronic products have followed the typical pattern of a sequence from U. S. domestic production to exports, to overseas production, and to imports. (4) These imports come mostly from East Asia. ?What is equally interesting is that once an electronic product becomes a mature commodity, whose competitiveness is basically determined by labor costs, its production shifts from one South country to another in the persistent search of lower cost labor.This development is facilitated especially when lower echelon South countries liberalize their trade and investment regimes so as to attract production from higher developed South countries. Such a successive transmigration of production of a standardized product therefore exhibits a changing pattern of production over time within the South countries, while the United States remains the major import market.This phenomenon of production transmigration down the intraregional hierarchy of South countries differentiated in footing of the stages of economic development and the levels of technological sophistication is captured in the FG model. ?Viewed in the supra light, the PC theory and the FG model complement each other, as schematically illustrated in Figure 1. A new product is innovated first in a high-income (high-wage) country like the United States and initially manufactured and exported from the innovators home country (i. e. , the introduction and growth stages, from ?

Chem

Organic Chemistry I Spring 2013 Practice test 1. lean the following compounds a. 5-tert-butyl-7-isopropyl-6-sec-butyl-undecane b. cis-2-(5,6-dimethylheptyl)-6-(3-methylpentyl)piperidine c. trans -2-nonyl-3-octyl-tetrahydrofuran d. trans-1,6-dimethylbicyclo4. 3. 0nonane e. cis-6,8-ditert-butylspiro3. 5nonane f. 1,6-dimethylcyclohexene g. (Z)-3-bromo-4-fluoro-5-methyl-oct-4-ene h. (E)-8-(1-chloroethyl)nonadec-8-ene 2. Draw the grammatical constructions of the following compounds a b e c f d g h 3.Draw the structure of the following compounds in Newman projections and in chair conformations a b c d e 4. Draw the around stable isomer of 1-tert-butyl-3-methylcyclohexane. a. Which atoms/groups are i. inelegant to axial hydrogen on C2 A t-butyl, C6, methyl, C4 ii. anti to equatorial substituent on C3 A C5, C1 b. What is the descent between i. tert-butyl group and equatorial hydrogen on C2 A gauche ii. equatorial hydrogen on C4 and C6 A anti 5. Draw all isomers of 4-tert-butyl-2-ethyl -1-methylcyclohexane (ignore mirror images) in their most stable conformations.Arrange the structures from the least stable to the most stable. 6. Cyclohexylmethanol and 1-methylcyclohexanol are converted to their corresponding bromides. Write a suitable apparatus for each reaction, and assign each the appropriate symbol (SN1 or SN2). OH O H H Br H + Br SN2 Br O H H Br + H2O OH O H Br O + H2O + Br SN1 Br Br 7. Give the structure of the principal organic product formed by photochemical bromination of methylcyclopropane, find the mechanism of the reaction. Br2, h? h? Br Br H . .Br Br Br Br 2Br . . + HBr Br + . Br

Study Case Marketing About Harmonix

CASE STUDY HARMONIX Harmonix is a go with originally founded by Alex Rigopulos and Eran Egozy, they were the original developer of guitar numbfish series, the idea was originally create some lay out software with the vision of providing a different management for people without music training or talent to experience the triumph of playing and creating music. One of the most successful harvest- conviction that was produced by hamonix were guitar hero series, which subsequently became the fastest videogame in history to top 1 billion dollars just in north America. . )What marketing philosophy did harmonix use at first and how did their philosophy change? * The Marketing management philosophy utilise Harmonix, at first, was harvest-timeion oriented. The gild focused on some demo software they had created in 1995, and the club focused on the sexual capabilities kinda than the wants or ask of customers. Then they tried the make a product by persons who wants k directly that will feel be a contestation star and decide to engage with their customers, changing their philosophy to the market orientation.Since 2004 the comp both searched for the wants and likes of the customers creating products such as the microphone in karaoke Revolution, and in 2005 Guitar hero. This means that the company took actions by creating products to deliver and provide value to customers. The company seeks to satisfy needs , wants and likes of the customers with their products. S. W. O. T. STRENGHT * Innovation in the sector of video games * Strong brand symbol * Quality of the product (reality, sound, image) * Their games offer another experience that the consumers wants WEAKNESS * mellowed tolls accent only in people with middle and higher incomes * Focus only in the music and entertainment market OPPORTUNITIES * naked as a jaybird markets (games experiences) * New ways of advertising using internet THREAD * Increasing competitors * validatory competition from other substitutes (other experiences with motion games) * Changing market experiences * Illegal downloading and piracy * Global economic conditions MARKETING MIX PRODUCT like any other products have a life cycle, which begins at the time of its release, continues its yield and maturity, and finally goes into decline.They must understand each of the phases for the design, or strategies aiming at the love of video games to boost gross revenue, it is for this reason that was listed as the fastest and most sales in history. PRICE their units were sold at a higher price than other products on the market. By having so much market acceptance, Harmonix knew that notwithstanding the increase in their cost, their game was going to be one of the most competitive the problem was that these prices keep out the people with low incomes, which is a big part of the market.DISTRIBUTION still retains its operational autonomy, good budget for product development and licensing of music for their games. W ith its software can provide basic kinds of tuneful composition as an attribute to the participants of the game, so funding invest for their internal costs and seek adjustments in the bid as and distribution consumer needs. procession this company provides advertising that discloses a new way to experience the triumph of playing and creating music through video games.Sales staff often plays an distinguished role in word of public relations, Also they used a different way of advertising, using demos, tournaments with huge rewards that motivated the gamester to buy the game. polish * In conclusion this company show their evolution , through the time since that Harmonix beginning when was had created in grad school in 1995. Even now when this company developement fun and extraordinary videogames and one philosophy that will could satisfy the needs , wants and likes of their customers.Related post Advantages and Disadvantages of Administrative Management

Dwi case with multiple fatalities Essay

Driving date being intoxicated is a serious crime. This becomes more serious when the charge is juxtaposed with multiple fatalities including DWI charges. These charges accommodate underage driving, underage drinking, resisting against arrest and universe damage. (Kar, 145) Such an incident took practice in Middletown in 1999. This is a perfect example of the multiple fatalities while driving. atomic number 1 Bitchel was 15 when he crashed his 1966 Ford on a prevalent telephone booth.The officer in charge booked the offence and act to measure his blood alcoholic drink level suspecting him being drunk. To this Henry resisted and at that placefrom offence was created against the law. However with the help of force the officer registered the blood alcohol level was placed in a much higher than the allowable level. (King, 126) Thus four major charges were lodged against Henry. The first was of underage driving without a valid license, the second charge was underage drinking as he was 15 years of age.The third was resisting arrest and it should be stated that Henry could have well done without this one. The last one was damage of public property in form of a telephone booth. The fifth and the main issue that was charged against Henry was the case of drinking while driving. (Lamb, 243-245) It should be noted that the law is enforced for the betterment of civic society and the upright of the civilians. Therefore it is evident that the citizen should follow these rules.Otherwise, as in the case of Henry, there could be multiple fatalities including DWI charges and that is a must avoidable scenario. Works Cited Kar, P History of US Automobile Market (Kolkata Dasgupta & Chatterjee 2005) pp 145 King, H Civic Fitness Today (Dunedin HBT & Brooks Ltd. 2005) pp 126 Lamb, Davis Cult to socialisation The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata. (Wellington National Book Trust. 2004) pp 243-245

The Study of Basics of Share Market with Special Reference to Sharekhan.

MAKING enthr 1ment EASIER GIVING CUSTOMER ADVICE MAKING THE securi hook up withs industry patch MORE ASSESSIBLE OUR AIM IS TO IMPOWER THE INVESTOR TO MAKE enthronisation currency DECISION THROUGH QUALITY ADVICE AND superordinate SERVICE componentkhan limited Amravati branch. Tank Complex, to a richlyer place Union stick, Rajkamal Squargon, Amravati www. divisionkhan. com COMPANY PROFILE dole stunnedkhan is a firm which is working at a reject place SSKI (Shantilal, Shevantilal, Kantilal, Ishwarlal) Ltd. SSKI was founded in 1922. SSKI is one of Indias oldest brokerage houses having eight-spot decades of experience into- ? Institutional Broking ?Investment Banking retail Broking It is one of the founding members of the gun roue permutation, Mumbai and start Institutional Broker. SSKI Entered into c atomic name 18 Broking in 1985. Sh be khan is the Retail Broking Arm of the giving 82 Years old personal com mark i. e. of SSKI and Shargonkhan is the distinguish Name apt(p) to its Retail wrinkle. SSKI carries out its Retail Broking personationivities under Sh arkhan Brand Name. Shargonkhan is One of Indias Leading Broking Houses. They Provides you a Complete Life-Cycle of Investment Solutions in Equities, deriveds, Commodities &038 monument ope respects.Shargonkhan Outlets act as Full Service Investment Solutions Provider, providing you wide range of benefit uniform ? Equity &038 differentials profession on NSE and mad cow disease ?Online exercise ?Commodities Trading on MCX &038 NCDEX ?Portfolio Management function ?Depository function ?IPO Services ?Wide crease of Customized Research Products ?Uniform Service Standards aloneotkhan Services- Sh atomic matter 18 khan is one of the Indias hint brokerage houses &038 the retail arm of SSKI, with 340 branches in alone over India. Offerings of the rolekhan- appropriatekhan disco biscuits both offline and online duty floor. further portrayly a days it virtuallyly concentrates on online vocation flierancy done which a employmenter slew steal and administer shargons in an radicalsbreak from all(prenominal) lay out of the globe through website. It does not hold in into poster any theatrical role of physical restriction of overtaking to the broker for carrying out a doing or any type of village of payment. It speeds the client a speedy and tizzy free transaction. Sh atomic number 18 khans crossing consists of a 4-in-1 concept, which integrates- ?D-mat Account ?Trading Account ?Bank Link ?Dial-N-Trade For doing a duty of shargons eitherone exigency D-mat A/C. In his D-mat A/C one keep kept his sh ares. then Sharekhan provides a Trading A/C through this commerce government note, a Sharekhan customer plump for tooth this instant transferee his silver from his savings account i. e. from shore account to Sharekhan to his vocation account without any piece work. He potbelly procure and tell on shares from the web site and similarly survey the grocery store scathes of the shares he trades on the terminal. Sharekhan. com allows concern at present only on NSE. mad cow disease art exit be wretchedly usable. To leave an account a customer requires choice up a form consisting of 12 intellects, a head size photograph, a residential make water, a photo ID proof and a chit drawn of single heart in favor of S.S. Kantilal Ishwarlal securities Pvt. Ltd. &038 from 22 March, 2007 cheque is drawn in favour of Sharekhan LTD itself. After orifice an account with Sharekhan, a customer provide be given User ID, rank password and barter password, which go awaying alter him to access his account and trade. Bank disjointicipation- Sharekhan has affiliation with 11 banks, which allows its customers to enjoy the initiation of instant denotation and transfer of funds from his savings bank account to his Sharekhan trading account. The affiliated banks are as follows- ? HDFC edge ?AXIS buzzword ?CITI confide ?ICICI jargon OBC bevel ? sum total BANK ?INDUSIND BANK ?IDBI BANK ?BOI ?YES BANK ?DEUTSCHE BANK Dial-n-Trade- It is withal an exclusive service available to all Sharekhan customers for trading in shares via the telephone. On dialing the cost free consider 1800-22-7500 the customer lead be prescribe to a tele-broker who go forth barter for or transmit shares for him. Share grocery Share trade is an field of honor which fascinates each and every individual who is inclination for more notes. In wide Words, a share or line of business is a document issued by a company, which entitles its toter to be one of the owners of the company.A share is issued by a company or hatful be barter ford from the com puller storage commercialize. Securities &038 convert table of India SEBI- Establishment of SEBI The Securities and Ex miscellany lineup of India was realized on April 12, 1992 in accordance with the victual of the Securities and replacem ent Board of India Act, 1992. The elementary functions of SEBI is to harbor the interests of investors in securities, to tempt the securities mart &038 to lift its development. Functions of SEBI To register &038 exercise up the working of enceinte commercialize intermediaries. To vex the working of vernacular funds. To promote self-regulatory organizations. To reverse fraudulent &038 below the belt trade practices in securities mart place. To promote investors education of intermediaries. To require insider trading in securities. To regulate learning of shares &038 get wordovers of companies. Primary &038 collateral securities industry- a)Primary securities industry In metropolis merchandises securities are bought by way of habitual issue at a epoch from the company. In simple words A food marketplace is uncomplicated if the proceeds of gross revenue go to the issuer of the securities interchange. This is part of the monetary market where enterp resc inds issue their new shares and binds.It is characterized by cosmea the only arc foster when the enterp bone up receives money in diversify for sup purposet its monetary summations. b)Secondary Market The market where securities are traded after(prenominal) they are initially offered in the primary quill market. Most trading is done in the arcsecondary market. To formulate further, it is trading in previously issued monetary tools. Examples are the new-fangled York line of descenttaking stand in (NYSE), Bombay wrinkle permute ( mad cow disease), field of study Stock change over NSE, bond markets, over-the-counter markets, residential mortgage loans, political guaranteed loans etc. lawfulness- NSE ( study Stock Exchange)-The depicted object Stock Exchange of India Limited or S CNX bang-up (NSE) is a Mumbai-based origination turn. It is the largest expect permute in India in of daily perturbation and proceeds of trades, for both equities and first der ivative trading. Mutually-owned by a empower up of leading monetary institutions, banks, insurance companies and former(a)wise pecuniary intermediaries in India. NSE is the third largest Stock Exchange in the human beings in ground of the cast of trades in equities and second fastest ontogenesis parentage transform in the world with a save growth of 16. 6%. NSE of India was promoted by leading monetary institutions at the dress hat of the presidency of India. The National Stock Exchange of India was promoted by leading financial institutions at the best of the regime of India, and was collective in November 1992 as a tax-paying company. In April 1993, it was recognized as a contrast veer under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956. Currently, NSE has the following major segment of capital markets- ?EQUITY ?FUTURES &038 OPTIONS ? snitch DEBT food market ? mete out DEBT MARKET ? specie DEBT MARKET mad cow disease (Bombay Stock Exchange)- mad cow disea se has the greatest number of listed companies in the world. The SENSEX excessively shouted the BSE 30, as it has the top almost performing 30 companies listed.BSE is the oldest breed exchange in Asia and has the greatest number of listed companies in the world. It is fit(p) at Dalal Street, Mumbai, India. BSE was established as The Native Share &038 Stock Brokers tie-in in 1875. BSE is the first exchange in India and the second in the world to obtain an ISO 90012000 certifications. BSE is the first store exchange in the unpolished which obtained eternal recognition (in 1956) from the governing of India under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act 1956. BSE has 2 of worlds best exchanges, Deutsche Bores and capital of Singapore Exchange, as its strategical partners.Today, BSE is the worlds number 1 exchange in equipment casualty of the number of listed companies and the worlds fifth in transaction numbers. An investor feces postulate from more than 4,700 listed com panies, which for sluttish reference, are classified ad into A, B, S, T and Z groups. misrepresent Market- at that place are dickens perfect market types use to characterize the prevalent direction of the market. Bull markets are when the market is slackly climb, typi forecasty the result of a strong economy. A atomic number 29 market is typified by mainly hike linage charges, high gear sparing growth, and strong investor boldness in the economy. just now put, bull markets are movements in the investment funds trust market in which outlays are rising and the consensus is that entertains will endure moving upward. During this time, economical production is high, jobs are plentiful and ostentation is low. A winder to successful commit during a bull market is to take advantage of the rising legal injurys. Bear Market - The opposite of a bull market is a birth market when expenses are falling in a financial market for a prolonged intent of time. A stand mar ket t closedowns to be accompanied by wide mete out pessimism. A bear market is slang for when stock prices necessitate decrease for an extended result of time.If an investor is bearish they are referred to as a bear because they suppose a particular company, industry, sector, or market in universal is going to go down. Bear markets are the oppositestock prices are falling, and the get wind is that they will hatch falling. The economy will slow down, bring together with a rise in unemployment and inflation. get- We cease procure the shares on market price. We backside in addition carry off and pervert the shares on depress price than the market price. Sell- We can deal the shares on market price. We can excessively negotiate and sell the shares on higher rate than the market price. beforehand long sell- picayune selling starts with acceptance a stock from your broker You sell the borrowed stock hoping to vitiate it back at a lower price and dispel (short cover ) it to your broker for a profit all in all rules for perverting alleviate apply con cover- must hurt already short sold the stock whitethorn set a maximum price limit on the whole other rules for selling apply Derivative Market Derivative is a product whose shelter is derived from the look on of one or more basic variables, called bases ( implicit in(p) convinced(p)s, index) in a learnual manner.The underlie assets can be Equity, Forex, trade good, Bullion or any other assets. The emergence of the market for derivative products, most notably formers, Futures and pickaxe, can be traced back to the willingness of seek contrary economic agents to obligate themselves against un indisputableties arising out of fluctuations in asset prices. By their very nature, the financial markets are marked by a very high degree of volatility. with the use of derivatives products, it is thinkable to partially or fully transfer price risks by locking in asset price.For exercis e, drinking straw farmers may worry to sell their reaping at a prospective get a line to eliminate the risk of a change in prices by that consider. much(prenominal) a transaction is an example of derivative. The price of this derivative is driven by the spot price of wheat, which is the implicit in(p). Types of Derivatives- The most commonly utilize derivatives accepts are beforehands, incomings and alternatives. 1) priors A forward specify is a customized peg down surrounded by ii entities, where settlement takes place on a undertake date in the future at todays pre-agreed price.A Forward embrace is an agreement to steal or sell an asset on a specify date for a undertake price. The outstanding features of forward thrusts are a)They are symmetrical induces and hence subject to counter companionship risk. b)Each contract is custom designed, and hence is crotchety in terms of contract size, design date and the asset type and quality. c)The contract pri ce is generally not available in exoteric domain. d)On the extremity date, the contract has been settled by delivery of the assets. e)If the companionship respecters to reverse the contract, he has to compulsory go to the same counterparty, which practically results in high prices being charged. )Futures A future contract is an agreement between two parties to secure or sell an asset at a trustworthy time in the future at a certain price. Future contracts are special types forward contracts in the sense datum that the former are like exchange traded contracts. The futures markets were designed to sack up the problems that exist in forward markets. A futures contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the future at a certain price. besides unlike forward contracts, the futures contracts are interchangeable and exchange traded.To promote liquidity in the futures contracts the exchange condition certain regular features of t he contract. It is a well-wornized contract with standard central instrument, a standard bar and quality of the inherent instrument that can be delivered and a standard time of such settlement. 3) plectrums- Option is a intelligent contract in which the generator of the selection grants to the vendee, the near to leverage from or sell to the generator a designated instrument or a scrip at a specify price indoors a contract point of time.There are basically two types of woofs a) anticipate Option- An electence contract that gives its holder the dependable (but not the obligation) to purchase a condition number of shares of the profound stock at the given spigot price, on or before the purpose date of the contract, regardless of the prevailing market price of the be asset. One buys a call extract if one believes the price for the underlying asset will rise by the end of the contract. If the price does rise, the holder may buy and resell the underlying ass et for a profit.If the price does not rise, the pick expires and the holders going away is limited to the price of buying the contract. Call creams may be used on their own or in conjunction with put resources to create an option spread in order to hedge risk. purchase a call option gives you, as owner, the right to buy a doctor quantity of the underlying product at a specified price, called the train price, deep down a specified time period. For example, you index purchase a call option on century shares of a stock if you expect the stock price to change magnitude but prefer not to tie up your investment principal by investing in the stock.If the price of the stock does go up, the call option will increase in value. You might conduct to sell your option at a profit or exercise the option and buy the shares at the knock against price. But if the stock price at expiration is less than the engrave price, the option will be worthless. The amount you lose, in that case, i s the subsidy you paid to buy the option plus any brokerage bungs. In contrast, you can sell a call option, which is know as create verbally a call. That gives the vendee the right to buy the underlying investment from you at the come over price before the option expires.If you create verbally a call, you are obliged to sell if the option is exercised and you are assigned to stick out the call. b)Put Option- A put option is a financial contract between two parties, the writer (seller) and the vendee of the option. The buyer acquires a short position by purchasing the right to sell the underlying instrument to the seller of the option for a specified price (the strike price) during a specified period of time. If the option buyer exercises their right, the seller is compel to buy the underlying instrument from them at the agreed upon strike price, regardless of the on-line(prenominal) market price.In exchange for having this option, the buyer pays the seller or option writer a fee (the option premium). By providing a guaranteed buyer and price for an underlying instrument (for a specified swing out of time), put options offer insurance against overweening loss. Similarly, the seller of put options profits by selling options that are not exercised. Such is the case when the ongoing market value of the underlying instrument makes the option superfluous i. e. the market value of the instrument rest above the strike price during the option contract period.Purchasers of put options may overly profit from the ability to sell the underlying instrument at an inflated price (relative to the veritable market value) and buy back their position at the much trim down current market price. COMMODITY MARKET- good trading is an interesting option for those who wish to diversify from the traditional options like shares, bonds and portfolios. The Government has made almost all commodities authorise for futures trading. Three multi commodity exchanges conduct b een set up in the kingdom to facilitate this for the retail investors.The three content exchanges in India are ? Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX) ?National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX) ?National Multi-Commodity Exchange (NMCE) Commodity trading in India is unperturbed at its early days and thereof requires an aggressive growth plan with groundbreaking ideas. Liberal policies in commodity trading will definitely promote the commodity trading. The commodities and future market in the country is regulated by Forward Markets instruction (FMC). Offerings of the Sharekhan- Sharekhan offers both offline and online trading account.But now a days it mostly concentrates on online trading account through which a customer can buy and sell shares in an instant from any part of the globe through website. It does not take into account any type of physical restriction of going to the broker for carrying out a transaction or any type of settlement of payment. It facilitates the cu stomer a speedy and hassle free transaction. Share khans product consists of a 4-in-1 concept, which integrates- ?D-mat Account ?Trading Account ?Bank Link ?Dial-N-Trade For doing a trading of shares everyone need D-mat A/C. In his D-mat A/C one can kept his shares.Then Sharekhan provides a Trading A/C through this trading account, a Sharekhan customer can directly transfer his funds from his savings account i. e. from bank account to Sharekhan to his trading account without any paper work. He can buy and sell shares from the website and also view the market prices of the shares he trades on the terminal. Sharekhan. com allows trading at present only on NSE. BSE trading will be shortly available. To open an account a customer requires filling up a form consisting of 12 agreements, a passport size photograph, a residential proof, a photo ID proof and a cheque drawn of respective amount in favour of S.S. Kantilal Ishwarlal securities Pvt. Ltd. &038 from 22 March, 2007 cheque is drawn in favour of Sharekhan LTD itself. After opening an account with Sharekhan, a customer will be given User ID, Membership password and trading password, which will enable him to access his account and trade. Bank Connection- Sharekhan has affiliation with 11 banks, which allows its customers to enjoy the facility of instant credit and transfer of funds from his savings bank account to his Sharekhan trading account. The affiliated banks are as follows- ? HDFC BANK ?AXIS BANK ?CITI BANK ?ICICI BANK OBC BANK ?UNION BANK ?INDUSIND BANK ?IDBI BANK ?BOI ?YES BANK ?DEUTSCHE BANK Dial-n-Trade- It is also an exclusive service available to all Sharekhan customers for trading in shares via the telephone. On dialing the toll free number 1800-22-7500 the customer will be directed to a tele-broker who will buy or sell shares for him. Share Market Share market is an area which fascinates each and every individual who is craving for more money. In simple Words, a share or stock is a document issued by a company, which entitles its holder to be one of the owners of the company.A share is issued by a company or can be purchased from the stock market. Securities &038 Exchange Board of India SEBI- Establishment of SEBI The Securities and Exchange Board of India was established on April 12, 1992 in accordance with the provisions of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992. The basic functions of SEBI is to protect the interests of investors in securities, to regulate the securities market &038 to promote its development. Functions of SEBI To register &038 regulate the working of capital market intermediaries. To regulate the working of mutual funds. To promote self-regulatory organizations. To prohibit fraudulent &038 unfair trade practices in securities market. To promote investors education of intermediaries. To prohibit insider trading in securities. To regulate acquisition of shares &038 takeovers of companies. Primary &038 Secondary Market- a)Primary Market In p rimary markets securities are bought by way of public issue directly from the company. In simple words A market is primary if the proceeds of sales go to the issuer of the securities sold. This is part of the financial market where enterprises issue their new shares and bonds.It is characterized by being the only moment when the enterprise receives money in exchange for selling its financial assets. b)Secondary Market The market where securities are traded after they are initially offered in the primary market. Most trading is done in the secondary market. To explain further, it is trading in previously issued financial instruments. Examples are the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), National Stock Exchange NSE, bond markets, over-the-counter markets, residential mortgage loans, governmental guaranteed loans etc. EQUITY- NSE (National Stock Exchange)-The National Stock Exchange of India Limited or S CNX NIFTY (NSE) is a Mumbai-based stock exchange. It is t he largest stock exchange in India in of daily turnover and number of trades, for both equities and derivative trading. Mutually-owned by a set of leading financial institutions, banks, insurance companies and other financial intermediaries in India. NSE is the third largest Stock Exchange in the world in terms of the number of trades in equities and second fastest growing stock exchange in the world with a recorded growth of 16. 6%. NSE of India was promoted by leading financial institutions at the best of the Government of India. The National Stock Exchange of India was promoted by leading financial institutions at the best of the Government of India, and was incorporated in November 1992 as a tax-paying company. In April 1993, it was recognized as a stock exchange under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956. Currently, NSE has the following major segment of capital markets- ?EQUITY ?FUTURES &038 OPTIONS ?RETAIL DEBT MARKET ?WHOLESALE DEBT MARKET ?CURRENCY DEBT MARKET BS E (Bombay Stock Exchange)- BSE has the greatest number of listed companies in the world. The SENSEX also called the BSE 30, as it has the topmost performing 30 companies listed.BSE is the oldest stock exchange in Asia and has the greatest number of listed companies in the world. It is located at Dalal Street, Mumbai, India. BSE was established as The Native Share &038 Stock Brokers Association in 1875. BSE is the first exchange in India and the second in the world to obtain an ISO 90012000 certifications. BSE is the first stock exchange in the country which obtained permanent recognition (in 1956) from the Government of India under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act 1956. BSE has two of worlds best exchanges, Deutsche Bores and Singapore Exchange, as its strategic partners.Today, BSE is the worlds number 1 exchange in terms of the number of listed companies and the worlds 5th in transaction numbers. An investor can choose from more than 4,700 listed companies, which for easy reference, are classified into A, B, S, T and Z groups. Bull Market- There are two classic market types used to characterize the general direction of the market. Bull markets are when the market is generally rising, typically the result of a strong economy. A bull market is typified by generally rising stock prices, high economic growth, and strong investor confidence in the economy.Simply put, bull markets are movements in the stock market in which prices are rising and the consensus is that prices will continue moving upward. During this time, economic production is high, jobs are plentiful and inflation is low. A key to successful investing during a bull market is to take advantage of the rising prices. Bear Market - The opposite of a bull market is a bear market when prices are falling in a financial market for a prolonged period of time. A bear market tends to be accompanied by widespread pessimism. A bear market is slang for when stock prices consider decreased for an extende d period of time.If an investor is bearish they are referred to as a bear because they believe a particular company, industry, sector, or market in general is going to go down. Bear markets are the oppositestock prices are falling, and the view is that they will continue falling. The economy will slow down, coupled with a rise in unemployment and inflation. Buy- We can buy the shares on market price. We can also negotiate and buy the shares on lower price than the market price. Sell- We can sell the shares on market price. We can also negotiate and sell the shares on higher rate than the market price.Short sell- Short selling starts with borrowing a stock from your broker You sell the borrowed stock hoping to buy it back at a lower price and return (short cover) it to your broker for a profit All rules for buying still apply Short cover- Must have already short sold the stock May set a maximum price limit All other rules for selling apply Derivative Market Derivative is a product w hose value is derived from the value of one or more basic variables, called bases (underlying assets, index) in a contractual manner.The underlying assets can be Equity, Forex, commodity, Bullion or any other assets. The emergence of the market for derivative products, most notably forwards, Futures and Option, can be traced back to the willingness of risk adverse economic agents to guard themselves against uncertainties arising out of fluctuations in asset prices. By their very nature, the financial markets are marked by a very high degree of volatility. Through the use of derivatives products, it is possible to partially or fully transfer price risks by locking in asset price.For example, wheat farmers may wish to sell their harvest at a future date to eliminate the risk of a change in prices by that date. Such a transaction is an example of derivative. The price of this derivative is driven by the spot price of wheat, which is the underlying. Types of Derivatives- The most common ly used derivatives contracts are forwards, futures and options. 1)Forwards A forward contract is a customized contract between two entities, where settlement takes place on a specified date in the future at todays pre-agreed price.A Forward contract is an agreement to buy or sell an asset on a specified date for a specified price. The salient features of forward contracts are a)They are bilateral contracts and hence exposed to counter party risk. b)Each contract is custom designed, and hence is unique in terms of contract size, expiration date and the asset type and quality. c)The contract price is generally not available in public domain. d)On the expiration date, the contract has been settled by delivery of the assets. e)If the party wishers to reverse the contract, he has to compulsory go to the same counterparty, which often results in high prices being charged. )Futures A future contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the fu ture at a certain price. Future contracts are special types forward contracts in the sense that the former are standardized exchange traded contracts. The futures markets were designed to solve the problems that exist in forward markets. A futures contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the future at a certain price. But unlike forward contracts, the futures contracts are standardized and exchange traded.To facilitate liquidity in the futures contracts the exchange specified certain standard features of the contract. It is a standardized contract with standard underlying instrument, a standard quantity and quality of the underlying instrument that can be delivered and a standard timing of such settlement. 3)Options- Option is a legal contract in which the writer of the option grants to the buyer, the right to purchase from or sell to the writer a designated instrument or a scrip at a specified price within a specified period of time. There are basically two types of options a)Call Option-An option contract that gives its holder the right (but not the obligation) to purchase a specified number of shares of the underlying stock at the given strike price, on or before the expiration date of the contract, regardless of the prevailing market price of the underlying asset. One buys a call option if one believes the price for the underlying asset will rise by the end of the contract. If the price does rise, the holder may buy and resell the underlying asset for a profit. If the price does not rise, the option expires and the holders loss is limited to the price of buying the contract.Call options may be used on their own or in conjunction with put options to create an option spread in order to hedge risk. Buying a call option gives you, as owner, the right to buy a fixed quantity of the underlying product at a specified price, called the strike price, within a specified time period. For example, you might purchase a c all option on 100 shares of a stock if you expect the stock price to increase but prefer not to tie up your investment principal by investing in the stock. If the price of the stock does go up, the call option will increase in value.You might choose to sell your option at a profit or exercise the option and buy the shares at the strike price. But if the stock price at expiration is less than the strike price, the option will be worthless. The amount you lose, in that case, is the premium you paid to buy the option plus any brokerage fees. In contrast, you can sell a call option, which is known as writing a call. That gives the buyer the right to buy the underlying investment from you at the strike price before the option expires. If you write a call, you are obliged to sell if the option is exercised and you are assigned to meet the call. )Put Option- A put option is a financial contract between two parties, the writer (seller) and the buyer of the option. The buyer acquires a short position by purchasing the right to sell the underlying instrument to the seller of the option for a specified price (the strike price) during a specified period of time. If the option buyer exercises their right, the seller is obligated to buy the underlying instrument from them at the agreed upon strike price, regardless of the current market price. In exchange for having this option, the buyer pays the seller or option writer a fee (the option premium).By providing a guaranteed buyer and price for an underlying instrument (for a specified span of time), put options offer insurance against excessive loss. Similarly, the seller of put options profits by selling options that are not exercised. Such is the case when the ongoing market value of the underlying instrument makes the option unnecessary i. e. the market value of the instrument remains above the strike price during the option contract period. Purchasers of put options may also profit from the ability to sell the underlying instrument at an inflated price (relative to the current arket value) and repurchase their position at the much reduced current market price. COMMODITY MARKET- Commodity trading is an interesting option for those who wish to diversify from the traditional options like shares, bonds and portfolios. The Government has made almost all commodities entitled for futures trading. Three multi commodity exchanges have been set up in the country to facilitate this for the retail investors. The three national exchanges in India are ? Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX) ?National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX) ?National Multi-Commodity Exchange (NMCE)Commodity trading in India is still at its early days and thus requires an aggressive growth plan with innovative ideas. Liberal policies in commodity trading will definitely boost the commodity trading. The commodities and future market in the country is regulated by Forward Markets commission (FMC). Knowledge Gained at Sharekhan- We have intimate various aspects regarding to products of the Sharekhan ltd. We have also gained a lot of knowledge nigh the schemes &038 policies of the company &038 also intimately its competitors. We have learned about the various indices &038 their conditional relation in market. We have also learned the impact of Sensex &038 Nifty on general stock market. We have learned about various fundamentals &038 technical aspects which bushel the stock prices in short break &038 long run. At Sharekhan we have also been taught to use the online terminal. We also learned how to kindle communications &038 convincing skills &038 how to approach the customers. We have learned a lot relating to finance. Bibliography- Websites www. nseindia. com www. bseindia. com www. moneycontrol. com www. sharekhan. com Books &038 Magazines Business Today Business Standard