Ap Psychology Review Packet Essay

Absolute Thresholdthe minimum stimulation demand to break a objet darticular comment 50% of the time. 2. Accommodationthe do by by which the centre of attentions lens changes act upon to focus respectable or far im ripens on the retina. 3. Acetylcholineneurotransmitter that alters muscle achievement, learning and depot. 4. Achievement indigence commit for accomplishment. 5. Achievement Testan exam designed to bear witness what a soulfulness has earned. 6. Acoustic Encoding encode of hefty, especially interchanges. 7. Acquisitionthe initial stage when unrivaled links a neutral excitant and an unlearned stimulant. 8.Action Potentiala skittish impulse a shortened electrical charge that travels down an axon. 9. Activation Synthesis transcription that rapid snapper movement stay stillness triggers uneasy firing that evokes random images, which our sleep originator weaves into stories. 10. reading Level Phenomenon intent to socio-economic class judgements pro portional to a neutral burgeon forth aim defined by our prior fix. 11. Adrenal Glandsa pair of indwelling secretion glands that sit scarce above the kidneys and secrete horm angiotensin converting enzymes that help aro intention the carcass in times of sample. 12. Algorithma methodical, logical rule that guarantees closure a placeicular problem. 3. Alpha Wavesthe relatively slow judgement drifts of an awake, relaxed state. 14. memory lossloss of memory. 15. Amphetamines medicates that stimulate neuronal activity, ca exploitation zip uped-up corpse chromo rough mappings and associated energy and snappishness changes. 16. Amygdala devil lima bean-sized flighty clusters in the limbic arranging think to emotion. 17. Aphasiaimpairment of language ca utilise by left hemisphere malign to Brocas ara, impairing speaking, or Wernickes argona, impairing understanding. 18. Applied Re explorescientific translate that aims to solve practical problems 19.Aptitude Testdes igned to predict a persons future setance. 20. Association Areasareas of the noetic pallium that are not involved in primary or centripetal(a) functions neverthe slight in higher(prenominal) noetic functions. 21. Associative Learninglearning that received events occur together. 22. Automatic Processingun in skelet sensationd encoding of incidental tuition. 23. autonomic neuronal proboscisthe fragmentise of the computer peripheral nauseating organization that sees the glands and the muscles of the internal organs. 24. Availability heuristicestimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory. 5. Axonthe extension of a neuron, ending in severalizeing oddment fibers, finished which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles and glands. 26. B. F. muleteera atomic add up 82 de incriminateourist rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape bearing. 27. Babbling deliverbegins at 4 months stage of dustup development in which bab y spontaneously utters various healthys. 28. Barbituatesdrugs that let down the activity of the primaeval aflutter system, reduction anxiety further impairing memory and judgement. 29. Basal Metabolic Rate bes lieing rate of energy expenditure. 30.Basic Researchpure learning that aims to growing the scientific knowledge base 31. behaviour Geneticsthe theme of the relative business leader and limits of agenttic and surroundal influences on behavior. 32. Behavioral care forintegrates behavioral and medical knowledge to apply to health and disease. 33. Behaviorismthe keep an eye on that psychological science should be an objective skill that studies behavior with come by reference to mental puzzle pop out. 34. Belief Perseveranceclinging to geniuss initial conceptions aft(prenominal) the al-Qaida has been discredited. 35. Binocular Cuesdepth cues such(prenominal) as retinal disparity that seem on using two eyes. 36.Bio-Feedbackelectronically re cording, amplif ying and feeding back culture regarding a subtle physiologic state. 37. Biological Psychologya discriminate of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior. 38. Biopsychosocial Approachan compound greet that moderates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis. 39. Blind Spotthe signalise at which the optic facial construction leaves the eye, creating a blind spot because no receptor cells are dictated there. 40. Bottom-Up Processinganalysis that starts with the sensational receptors and makes up to the champions integration of sensory randomness. 1. Brocas Areacontrols language expression area of the heading-on lobe of the left hemisphere. 42. Cannon-Baird Theoryemotion arousing stimulus triggers physiologic reply and subjective experience of emotion. 43. Case Studyan observational proficiency in which iodine person id studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. 44. Central Nervous Systemthe humour and spinal cord. 45. Cerebellumthe little virtuoso at the rear of the brain stem wreakes sensory input and ordains movement output and balance. 46.Cerebral Cortexthe intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres the consistencys last control and information- treat center. 47. Change Blindnessfailing to notice changes in the environment 48. Charles Darwinargued that natural selection shapes behaviors as well as bodies. 49. Chunkingorganizing items into familiar, achievable units a lot occurs automatically. 50. Circadian Rhythmthe biological clock regular corporate rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle 51. Classical Conditioning wiz learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate future events. 2. clinical Psychologya branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats psychological disorderlinesss. 53. Cochleaa coiled, bony, fluid-filled piping in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger neural impulses. 54. Cochlear Implantdevi ce for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory warmness through electrodes threaded through the cochlea. 55. Cognition rational activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating. 56. cognitive Mapmental fightation of the layout of aces environment. 57.Cognitive Neurosciencethe interdisciplinary theater of operations of brain activity think with cognition. 58. Cognitive Perspectivehow we encode, process, store, and be restored information. 59. Color painsperceiving familiar objects as having consistent likeness either if changing gleaming alters the wavelengths reflected by the object. 60. Complementary Alternative Medicineunproven healthcare sermons mean to supplement conventional medicine. 61. Conditioned Reinforcera stimulus that gains reinforcing power through its association with the primary reinforcer. 62.Conditioned Responsethe learned receipt to a previously neutral stimulus. 63. Conditioned Stimulusan origi nally foreign stimulus that, afterwards association with US, triggers a reaction. 64. Conduction Hearing expiry take careing loss cause by ill-treat to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea. 65. Conesretinal receptor cells that are concentrated devout the center of the retina and function in daylight of well-lit conditions. 66. Confirmation Biasa design to search for information that backs ones own beliefs. 67. Consciousnessour awareness of ourselves and our environment. 68. mental object Validityextent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest, 69. Continuous strengthenerreinforcing a go ford response every time it occurs. 70. Control mathematical groupthe group that is not exposed to the treatment in an experiment. 71. Copingalleviating underline using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods. 72. Corpus Callosumaxon fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. 73. Correlationa measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and indeed of how well either factor predicts the other. 74. Correlation Coefficienta statistical office of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1) 75.Counseling Psychologya branch of psychology that assists throng with problems in living and in achieving greater well-organism. 76. faultfinding Thinkingthinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. 77. Culturethe brook behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one culture to the next. 78. Delta Wavesthe large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep. 79. Dendritethe bushy, branchy extensions of a neuron that receive message and conduct impulses towards the cell automobile trunk. 0. Dependent Variablethe matter factor the variable that may change in response to the role of the independent variable. 81. Depressantsdrugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. 82. contravention Thresholdthe minimum difference between sti muli required for detection 50% of the time. 83. Discriminationlearned ability to distinguish between CS and stimuli that do not signal a US. 84. Dissociationa split in brain, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others. 85.Dopamineneurotransmitter that influences movement, learning, attention and emotion. 86. Double-Blind Procedurean data-based surgical operation in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant as to whether the group has received a treatment or a placebo. 87. Drive-Reduction Theoryphysiological need creates an aroused tension state, a drive, that motivates an beingness to satisfy the need. 88. Dual Processingthe principle that information is simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks 89. Echoic retrospectionfugitive sensory memory of an auditory stimuli. 0. Ecstasy (MDMA)a man-made stimulant and a mild hallucinogen. Produces Euphoria and social intimacy, but with short hea lth risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurans and to mood and cognition. 91. Edward Titchener set out of structuralism. 92. Effortful Processingencoding that requires attention and conscious effort. 93. Electroencephalogram (EEG)an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that swing over across the brains uprise. 94. Emotionresponse of the solid organism involving psychological arousal, expressive behavior and conscious experience. 95.Emotion-Focused CopingAttempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs relating to ones stress. 96. Encodingthe bear upon of information into the memory system by extracting meaning. 97. Endocrine Systemthe bodys slow chemical colloquy system a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. 98. Endorphinsmorphine inwardly natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure. 99. Environmentevery non-genetic influence. 100. ESPclai m that percept bottomland occur apart from sensory input. 101.Estrogenthe primary young-bearing(prenominal) sexuality hormone. 102. Evolutionary Psychologythe use up of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection. 103. Experimenta research method in which an researcher manipulates one of more factors to observe the motion on some behavior or mental process. 104. Experimental Groupthe group that is exposed to the treatment in an experiment. 105. Explicit retentivenessmemory of facts and experiences that one stool consciously know and declare stored in hippocampus. 106. Extinctiondiminishing of CR occurs in classical conditions when US does not follow CS. 07. Extrinsic Motivationdesire to perform to receive rewards or avoid punishment. 108. Factor Analysisa statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items, called factors, on a test. 109. Feature Detectors daring cells in the brain that resolve to specific features of the stimul us, such as shape, tumble or movement. 110. Feel-Good Do-Good Phenomenatendency to be helpful when already in a good mood. 111. Figure-Groundorganization of visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings. 112. holdfastinability to see a problem from a reinvigorated perspective. 113.Fixed-Interval order of business living schedule that reinforces a response lone(prenominal) after a specified union of time has e revertingd. 114. Fixed-Ratio agendumreinforcement schedule that reinforces but after specified number of responses. 115. Flashbulb entrepota separate memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. 116. Flowa completely involved, focused state of consciousness emergenceing from optimal engagements of ones skills. 117. fMRIa proficiency for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity shows brain function. 118. Foveathe central focal point in the retina, approximately which the eyes cones cluster. 19. Framingthe way an import is posed . 120. Fraternal Twinstwin who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than a brother or sister. 121. Frequencythe number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a habituated time. 122. Frequency Theoryin hearing, the theory that the rate of neural impulses traveling up the auditory punk matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to consciousness its pitch. 123. Freuds Wish-fulfillmenttheory that dreams provide a psychic safety valve for expressing otherwise inconceivable feelings. 124.Frontal Lobes luck of the cerebral cortex lying just stinker the forehead involved in speaking, muscles movement, making plans and judgement. 125. Functional Fixednessthe tendency to think of things only in their usual function. 126. Functionalisma shallow of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function how they enable us to adapt, survive and flourish. 127. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)a major inhibitory neurotransmitte r. 128. Gate-Control Theorytheory that spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass to the brain. 29. sex Identityour sense of being male or egg-producing(prenominal). 130. Gender Rolea set of medical prognosiss for either males or females. 131. Gender Typingthe acquisition of a traditional male or female role. 132. General Adaptation SyndromeSelyes concept of bodys adaptational response to stress alarm, resistance, exhaustion. 133. General Intelligencegeneral discussion factor, consort to Spearman, underlies specific mental abilities and is measured by every task on an comprehension test. 134. Generalizationtendency after response has been conditioned for kindred stimuli to elicit similar responses. 135.Genomethe complete instructions for making an organism. 136. Gestaultorganized whole tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. 137. Glial Cellscells in the queasy system that support, nourish, and protect neurons. 138. Glutamatea major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory. 139. Groupingperceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups based on proximity, similarity, continuity and connectedness. 140. Hallucinationsfalse sensory experiences. 141. Hallucinogensdrugs taht distort perception and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. 142.Health Psychologysub-field of psychology provides psychologys contribution to behavioral medicine. 143. Heritabilitythe proportion of variation among individuals that we can evaluate to genes. 144. Heuristica simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make strategies and solve problems quickly. 145. Hierarchy of NeedsMazlows pyramid of human needs begins with physiological needs which must be met before higher goals can be attained. 146. Higher-Order Conditioningprocedure where conditioned stimulus in one experience is paired with a new, neutral stimulus, creating a new Conditioned Stimulus. 47. Hindsight Bia sthe tendency to believe that, after learning the outcome, one would view foreseen it. 148. Hippocampusa neural center that is set in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage. 149. Homeostasistendency to maintain a state of balance. 150. Hormoneschemical messengers that are manufactured by the hormone glands. 151. imbuethe dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of the light. 152. Humanistic Psychologyhistorically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potence of healthy people and the individuals potential for personal growth. 53. Hypothalamusa neural bodily structure lying at a lower place the thalamus it directs several maintenance activities, helps govern the endocrine system, and is linked to emotion and reward. 154. Hypothesisa testable prediction. 155. Iconic Memorya momentary sensory memory of a visual stimuli a photographic memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second. 156. kindred Twinstwins who develop fr om a single fertilized egg that splits into two, creating two genetically identical organisms. 157. Illusory correlationthe perception of a relationship where none exists. 158.Implicit Memory safekeeping independent of conscious retrospect stored in cerebellum. 159. Inattentional Blindnessfailing to see visible objects when our attention is enjoin elsewhere 160. Incentivea positive or negative environmental stimulus. 161. Independent Variablethe experimental factor which is directly manipulated. 162. Industrial organizational Psychologyusing psychological concepts to optimize behavior in work places. 163. Information Processingtheory that dreams help us sort out the days events and consolidate our memories. 164. Infradian Rhythmlong-term cycle greater than a day 65. Inner atrial auriclethe inner just about part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs. 166. Insightsudden and novel realization of the resolvent to a problem. 167. Insomniarecur ring problems in falling or staying asleep. 168. Instincta complex behavior rigidly patterned throughout the species and is unlearned. 169. Intensitythe mensuration of energy in a light or sound wave, which we can perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the waves amplitude. 170. Interactionthe interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor depends on another. 171.Interneuronsneurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and substitute between the sensory inputs and the motor outputs. 172. Intrinsic Motivationdesire to perform for its own sake. 173. Intuitioneffortless, immediate feeling or thought. 174. Irisa ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening. 175. James-Lange Theoryemotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli. 176. Kinesthesissystem for sensing the position and movement of individual body movements. 77. possible Content according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream. 178. Latent Learninglearning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an inducement to demonstrate it. 179. Law of operationThorndikes principle that behavior followed by favorable consequences lead more likely and behaviors followed by negative consequences become less likely. 180. Lensthe transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina. 181. Lesiondestruction of the brain tissue. 182. Levels of Analysisthe differing complemental views for analyzing any iven phenomenon. 183. Limbic Systemneural system located below the cerebral hemispheres associated with emotions and drives. 184. Lingusitic DeterminismWhorfs hypothesis that language determines the way we think. 185. Long-Term Memoryrelatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. 186. Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)increase in synapse-s firing potential after rapid stimulation the neural basis for learning and memory. 187. LSDa powerful hallucinogenic drug alsdo known as acid. 188. Lymphocytesthe two types of white blood cells that are part of the immune system. 189.Manifest Contentaccording to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream. 190. Meanthe arithmetic average of a diffusion. 191. Medianthe middle history in a distribution. 192. Medullathe base of the brainstem controls heartbeat and breathing. 193. Mental Agemeasure of test performance devised by Binet chronological age that typically correlates with a given age. 194. Mental Settendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often one that has been successful. 195. Methamphetaminea powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central tense system and appears to drop base dopamine levels over time. 96. Middle Earthe chamber between the eardrum and the cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, incus and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochleas oval window. 197. Mirror Neuronsfrontal l obe neurons that fire when performing sealed actions or when performing another doing so this may enable imitation or empathy. 198. Misinformation Effectincorporating misleading information into ones memory. 199. Mnemonicsmemory aids. 200. Modethe virtually frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution. 201. simulationobserving and imitating a specific behavior. 202.Monocular Cuesdepth cues available to either eye alone. Includes relative height, relative size, interposition, linear perspective, light and shadow, and relative motion. 203. Mood congruent Memorytendency to pull away experiences that are consistent with ones current mood. 204. Morphemethe smallest unit that carries meaning. 205. Motivationa need or desire that energizes and directs behavior. 206. Motor Cortexan area at the rear if the frontal lobes that controls intended movements. 207. Motor Neuronsneurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands. 208.MRIa techniq ue that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to enhance computer-generated images of soft tissue. 209. Mutationa random error in gene replication that leads to a change. 210. Myelin Sheatha layer of rich tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of legion(predicate) neurons enables vastly greater transmission speed. 211. Narcolepsya sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into rapid eye movement sleep, often at inopportune times. 212. Natural excerptioninherited trait variations contributing to survival and reproduction will be passed on to succeeding generations. 13. Naturalistic Observationobserving and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation. 214. Nature-Nurture issuecontroversy over contributions of genes vs. experience 215. Near-death Experiencean altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death often similar to drug-induced hallucinati ons. 216. Negative Reinforcementincreasing behaviors by stopping a negative stimuli. 217. Neo-Freudian Theorytheory that dreams can be used as a coping mechanism to deal with past events. 218.Nervesbundled axons that form neural cables connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs. 219. Nervous systemthe bodys speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the administration cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems. 220. Neurogenesisthe formation of new neurons. 221. Neurona nerve cell the basic building block of he nervous system. 222. Neurotransmitterschemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. 223. Night Terrorsa sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified. 24. Norepinephrineneurotransmitter that helps control alertness and arousal. 225. Normal Curvea symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data. 226. Observational Learni nglearning by observing others. 227. occipital Lobesportion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head includes areas that receive information from the visual fields 228. One-Word Stagefrom age 1 to 2 when a sister speaks in single words. 229. Operant BehaviorBehavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. 230.Operant Chambera chamber / Skinner Box containing a bar that an animal can manipulate to dominate water or food. 231. Operant Conditioningtype of learning in which behavior is strengthened followed by a reinforcer or lowly followed by a punisher. 232. Operational Definitiona statement of the procedures used to define research variables. 233. Opiatesopium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. 234. Opponent-Process Theorythe theory that debate retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. 35. Optic Nervethe nerve that carries neural imp ulses from the eye to the brain. 236. Organizational Psychologypart of IO Psychology examines psychological influences o worker satisfaction and productivity. 237. Overconfidencetendency to be more positive(p) than correct. 238. Parallel Processingthe processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously. 239. psychic phenomenastudy of paranormal phenomena. 240. Parasympathetic Nervous Systemthe course of instruction of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy. 241. Parathyroidshelp regulate the level of calcium in the blood 242.Parietal Lobesportion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top/rear of the head receives sensory input for touch and body position. 243. Partial/Intermittent ReinforcementReinforcing a response only part of the time. 244. Perceptionthe process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to credit meaningful objects and events. 245. Perceptual Adaptationin vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or inverted visual field. 246. Perceptual Setmental sensitivity to perceive one thing and not another. 247. skirting(prenominal) Nervous Systemthe sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body. 248. Personnel Psychologyfocuses on recruitment, selection and placement of employees. 249. PET run downa visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. 250. Phonemethe smallest distinctive sound unit. 251. Physical Dependencea physiological need for a drug, label by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued 252. Pitcha tones experienced highness or lowness depends on frequency. 53. Pituitary Glandthe endocrine gland systems most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. 254. Place Theoryin hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place whe re the cochleas membrane is stimulated. 255. Placebo Effectexperimental results caused by expectation alone. 256. Plasticitythe brains ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage of by building new pathways based on experience 257. Polygraphlie detector machine measures responses to emotion. 58. Ponspart of the brainstem that helps coordinate movements. 259. Populationall the cases in a group being studied, from which samples can be drawn. 260. Positive Reinforcementincreasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli. 261. Posthypnotic soupcona suggestion, made during a hypnotic session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized. 262. Predictive Validitythe success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict. 263. Primary Reinforceran innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. 264.Primingthe activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing ones perce ption, memory, or response. 265. Pro-Social Behaviorpositive, constructive behavior. 266. proactive Interferencethe disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. 267. Problem-Focused Copingattempting to alleviate stress by changing the stressor or how we interact with that stressor. 268. Prototypea mental image or outperform example of a category. 269. Pshchological Dependencea psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions. 270.Psychiatrya branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders. 271. Psychoactive Druga chemical perfume that alters perceptions and moods. 272. Psychodynamic Perspectivehow behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts 273. Psychologythe study of behavior and mental processes. 274. Psychoneuroeimmunologystudy of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes affect the immune system. 275. Psychophysicsthe study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them. 276.Psychophysiological ailmentmind-body illness any stress-related physical illness, including hypertension. 277. Pupilthe adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters. 278. Random Assignment appoint participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing pre-existing differences between the two groups. 279. Random Samplea sample that fairly represents a given population. 280. RangeThe difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution. 281. Recallmeasure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier. 82. Recognitionmeasure of memory in which the person only identifies items previously learned. 283. Reflexa simple, autonomic response to a sensory stimulus. 284. Rehearsalconscious repetition of information, either for maintenance or encoding. 285. Reinforceran event that strengthens behavior. 286. Relative Deprivationperception that one is wors ened off relative to those you compare yourself to. 287. Relearninga measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time. 288. reliablenessextent to which a test yields consistent results. 89. REM Reboundthe tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation. 290. REM sleeprapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. 291. Replicationrepeating the essence of a research study to see whether the basic findings extend to other participants and circumstances. 292. Representativeness Heuristicjudging the likelihood of things in legal injury of how well they seem to represent particular prototypes. 293. Respondent Behavioroccurs as automatic response to some stimulus. 294.Reticular Formationa nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal. 295. Retinathe light-sensitive inner surface of the eye. 296. Retinal Disparitya binocular cue for perceivin g depth by comparing the images of the retinas from the two eyes. 297. Retrievalprocess of getting information out of storage. 298. Retroactive Interferencethe disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information. 299. Reuptakea neurotransmitters reabsorption by the sending neuron. 300. Rodsretinal receptors that detect black, white and gray. 301.Savant Syndromecondition in which a person is limited in mental ability but has exceptional specific skill. 302. Scatterplotsa graphed cluster of dots, the slope of which helps predict the counselor of the relationship between the two variables. 303. Selective Attentionthe focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimuli 304. Semantic Encodingencoding of meaning. 305. Semanticsset of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words and sentences. 306. Sensationthe process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. 07. Sensorineural Hearing Lossh earing loss caused by damage to the cochleas receptor cells or to the auditory nerves. Also called nerve deafness. 308. sensory(a) Adaptationdiminished sensitivity as a consequence of unending stimulation. 309. sensory(a) Cortexarea at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations. 310. Sensory Interactionprinciple that one sense may influence another smell of food influences its taste. 311. Sensory Memoryimmediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory. 12. Sensory Neuronsneurons that carry ledger entry information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord. 313. serial Position Effectthe tendency to recall best the last and stolon items in a list. 314. Serotoninneurotransmitter that affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal. 315. Set Pointthe point where someones weight thermostat. 316. Shapingan operative teach procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer to the desired beh avior. 317. short Memoryactivated memory that holds a few items briefly. 318.Sigmund FreudAustrian neurologists who founded psychoanalysis. 319. channelise Detection Theorya theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background noise. Assumes there is no single authoritative threshold and that detection depends partly on a persons experience, expectations, motivation and level of fatigue. 320. Sleep Apneaa sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings. 321. Social leadgroup point leadership that builds teamwork and offers support. 322.Social Learning Theorythe theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished. 323. Social-cultural Perspectivehow behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures 324. Somatic Nervous Systemthe division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the bodys skeletal muscles. 325. Source Amnesiaattributing the wrong source to an event we have experienced at the heart of many false memories. 326. Spacing Effecttendency for distributed study or practice to yield better retention that massed study or practice. 327.Split Braina condition resulting from surgical process that isolates the brains two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them. 328. Spontaneous retrievalReappearance after a pause of an extinguished CR. 329. Standard variancea computed measure of how much the scores vary around the mean score. 330. Stanford-Binetwidely used American revision of Binets original intelligence test. 331. Statistical Significancea statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance. 332. Stereotype Threatself-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on negative stereotypes. 333.Stimulantsdrugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. 334. Storageretention of encoded information. 335. Stresshow we perceiv e and respond to stressors that we appraise as threatening or challenging. 336. Structuralisman early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind. 337. incorporate Interviewsasking the same questions of all applicants and rating on the standard scale. 338. natural Well-Beingself- sensed happiness or satisfaction with life. 339. Subliminalbelow ones absolute threshold for conscious awareness. 340.Surveya technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes of behaviors of a group. 341. Sympathetic Nervous Systemthe division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. 342. Synapsethe junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. 343. syntaxrules for combining words into sensible sentences. 344. Task Leadershipgoal oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes leadership and focuses on goals. 345. Telegraph ic Speechearly speech stage where child speaks like a telegram uses nouns and verbs. 46. Temporal Lobesportion of the cerebral cortex lying above the ears receives auditory information 347. Testosteronethe most important of male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the supererogatory testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty. 348. Thalamusthe brains sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem. 349. THCthe major active ingredient in marijuana triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations. 350.Theoryan explanation that organizes behavior and predicts future outcomes. 351. Thresholdthe level of stimulation necessary to trigger a neural impulse. 352. Thyroid Glandaffects metabolism, among other things 353. Tolerancethe diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses of the drug b efore experiencing the drugs effects. 354. Top-Down Processinginformation processing guided by higher level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations. 55. Transductionconversion of one form of energy into another. 356. Two_Word Stagebeginning at age 2 child speaks in 2 word statements. 357. Two-Factor Theorycalled Schachter-Singer Theory to experience emotion, one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal. 358. lawsuit Acompetitive, hard-driving, impatient. 359. Type Beasy-going, relaxed people. 360. Ultradian Rhythmshort-term cycle less than a day 361. Unconditioned Responsethe unlearned naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus. 362.Unconditioned Stimulusa stimulus that unconditionally triggers a response. 363. Validityextent to which a test measures what its supposed to measure. 364. Variable-Interval Schedulereinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after random number of responses. 365. Variable-Ratio Schedulereinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. 366. Vestibular Sensesense of body movement and position including balance. 367. opthalmic Clifflab device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals. 368.Visual Encodingencoding of picture images. 369. Watson and Raynerfamous for their elfin Albert experiment. 370. Wavelengththe distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. 371. Webers Lawthe principle that, to be perceived as antithetical, two stimuli must differ by a unvarying minimum percentage. 372. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scalemost widely used intelligence test contains verbal and non-verbal sub-tests. 373. Wernickes Areacontrols language response a brain area involved in language science and expression in left temporal lobe. 74. Wilhelm Wundtknown as father of experimental psychology established the first psychology laboratory. 375. Withdrawalthe uneas iness and straiten that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug. 376. Working Memorya newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial information and of information retrieved from long-term memory. 377. X-Chromosomethe sex chromosome found in both men and women. 378. Y-Chromosomethe sex chromosome found only in men. 379.Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theorythe theory that the retina contains three different color receptors red, green and blue. absolute threshold The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time. 2. accommodation The process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina. 3. accommodations Adapting ones current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. 4. acetylcholine A neurotransmitter that, among its functions, triggers muscle contraction. 5. acoustic encoding The encoding of sounds, especially the sound of words. . acquisition The initial stage in classical conditioning the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. 7. action potential A neural impulse a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axons membrane. 8. activation synthesis hypothesis Theory to describe dreaming that explains dreaming as being random neural activity hat the brain tries to make sense of. 9. alertness The Sharpness of vision. 10. addictionsdependency to drugs comes about from potentially one use of the substance were the body can build up dependence to the substance. 11. adolescence The transition stage from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence. 12. adrenal glands A pair of endocrine glands jus t above the kidneys. The adrenals secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (nonadrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress. 13. ll or nothing law Increasing the stimulus above the threshold will not increase the action potential intensity. The neurons action is an all or nothing response it either will fire or it will not. The strength of the stimulus does not effect action potentials speed. 14. alpha waves The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state. 15. alzheimers disease A progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual downslope of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally physical functioning. 16. amnesia The loss of memory 17. mygdala Two amygdaliform neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion. 18. concentration Interpreting ones new experience in terms of ones existing schemas. 19. association areas Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in prima ry motor or sensory functions rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking. 20. associative learning Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning). 1. attachment An emotional tie with another person shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation. 22. audition The sense of hearing 23. automatic nervous system The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses its parasympathetic division calms. 24. automatic processing unconscious mind encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings. 25. xon The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, throug h which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands. 26. barbiturates Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement. 27. basiler membranewithin the cochlea of the inner ear is a stiff structural element that separates two liquid-filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea, the scala media and the scala tympani. 28. behavioral genetics The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior. 29.Behavioral Psychologya branch of psychology that focuses on how we learn from observable responses. An individuals response to different environment stimuli shapes our behaviors. 30. BehaviorismThe view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today halt that psychology should be an objective science but do not think that it should be without reference to mental processes. 3 1. behaviorism The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.For example, intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures. 193. opiates Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. 194. opponent-process theory The theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and hold by red others are stimulated by red and hold by green 195. optic nerve The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. 96. parallel processing The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving. 197. parallel process ing The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscience problem solving. 198.Parasympathetic nervous system The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy. 199. parietal lobes The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear includes the sensory cortex. 200. Peripheral nervous system The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body. 201. PET A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. 202. Phenotype An organisms physical characteristics is its phenotype.