Effect of Weather on Construction Labour Productivity

government issue of Weather on formula dig up ProductivityEffect of overheated and Cold Weather on Construction jab Productivity administrator SUMMARYThe question deals with the variation of ram productiveness in organic weather conditions in India. As we head more and more into the cracker-barrel argonas for construction the crunchers atomic number 18 faced with unprecedented weather conditions as uttermost(a) cold and heat stress combined with opposite geographical accompanimentors. We dissimilariate the difference in productiveness achieved in normal weather conditions with utmost(a) cold locations as Kargil and hot regions as Ahmedabad. Further this is comp bed by the standards set apart by IS 7272 for ideal productiveness. After renting the results recommendations atomic number 18 done specifically for domestic expulsions considering the situations usual in India and age to come weather uncertainties.CHAPTER 1 footBACKGROUND OF THE STUDYAn Industry ult imately thrives upon the physical in coif frame in by the tugers and the construction industry is no exception, in fact the construction industry is one of the most labour dependent industries direct in India. It is the ground depart of the labourers, which ultimately runs this industry. though lot of fix has already been done to optimize labour productiveness around the world, majority of the objects notwithstanding stay behind schedule and are completed with cost and clip overruns, though this might be over cod(p) to multiple reasons but labour productiveness still dominates the final payoff.With the increase in population the floor and public wealth construction is creation pushed more and more into the hobnailed areas which are untouched in the last century. Thus are the studies, which prevailed in earlier times about the productiveness, as these new regions put up new challenges of the performanceing environment. Not often has been done to check the produ ctivity changes in these regions, this often results in variation from the IS values which should be bring home the bacon ideally.OBJECTIVESOur objective of this research is to reflect and abbreviation the cistrons, which are, determinable in holdfast productivity outputs in adverse weather. To compare the divisors stated in IS 7272 with real(a) ground selective information for productivity achieved on construction site and mention manners to counter. This would further transform into meeting barf milestones in time.SCOPE OF urinateThe research effect is based on actual site selective information collected from different construction sites in India. It aims to subscribe to the variations observed if each from the standards in the IS 7272 for labour productivity and the reasons leading to these changes. It covers both extremes of the temperature in its study hot and cold regions, finally suggesting the measures to be taken to optimize labour output in extreme weather co nditions.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThe methodology adopted to prepare this report ranged from reviewing work previously done in these areas of labour productivity along with site visits and collection of data. We reviewed papers from journals and try to draw a few conclusions by correlating the studies and common factors in the research papers. selective information collection was done by visiting sites of projects under reach across India. For the sake of comparison with other site data to keep open upper limit parameters same we worked on productivity for the activities which were common to both the sites. Data was collected over different periods of duration with respect to every project and analysed for their productivity deliberations. These calculations were further compared with the standards set by the IS 7272. Further we attempt to outline the factors which may be the probable ca call for the deviation and suggest therapeutic measures to counter them.LIMITATION OF STUDYSinc e the data was collected from sites in India and the observations make were from Indian gang of labourers, the results and study are limited to Indian subcontinent. excessively ideally for comparison there should be similar situation of work with little variables such as work type and other conditions other than the weather, but due to the limitation of the projects the sites were not executing similar projects, gum olibanum the data offernot be said to be 100% precise. Although we feature put in our best efforts to counter this by selecting similar activities of execution. Furthermore due to the limitation of availability of data the results achieved cannot be said to yield the conditions prevailing all through India as more work is awaited on this topic in India.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWTo study the work previously done research in this area we studied numerous papers promulgated on Productivity from various journals across the globe. Though it was out observation that th e research work was more or less biased to the productivity concerns due to increasing temperature, and less about the colder conditions. India being a tropical country experiences both extremes of the climate through the year, indeed we review work done in colder regions too, a few of our findings are as follows.Tord Kjellstrom, PhD R. Sari Kovats, MSc Simon J. Lloyd, MSc Tom Holt, PhD Richard S. J. Tol, PhD studied the ever-changing pattern of temperatures across the globe, which entrust ultimately lead to a orbicular climate change and an increase in heat load and will degrade the productivity of workers in the coming future. It was a region-based study where they open a sex actship between the rise in temperature and blemish of productivity as a percentage drop. The study was localized for a much accu pasture assumption, overall there was a loss in productivity with the increase in temperature.Meglan, Meglan Company Ltd. outlined in their publication Construction Claim To pics the loss of productivity due to effects of weather the reasons for loss. They subdivided their study into three subcategories Low temperature and Wind chill, high temperature and humidity Wind moreover effects. They stated that the loss of productivity occurs In all three conditions due to different factors in each conditions. They stated that a drop of as much as 50 % can be observed in extreme situations. They established a fact that humidity also contend a detrimental role in the loss as at the same temperatures the change in productivity was evident with the change in humidity levels at the site.Adham Shahin, Simaan AbouRizk, Yasser Mohamed and Siri Fernando developed a simulation based human beingnikin for quantifying the cold weather region impacts on construction scedules, the mannequinling constitute of components that help in understanding and simulating construction projects. The basic aim of this framework is to enable the researcher to quantify the impact of weather alterations on project schedule. The process involves the creation of a basic discreet simulation model to simulate the activities on site.An article published in THE Monitor clime stated the economic impact of the increasing temperature uncertainty across the globe, they forecasted the future developments for the year 2030 where the prediction is of 450 hotspots from the 55 existent today. In 2030 the expected loss is 413 billion USD. In their country level impact analysis they have plotted a country wise loss index in which India comes under the Acute category forecasting a loss of 450,000 billion US $ additional economic cost in 2030 alone due to increase in temperature of working environments of labourers. They suggest adaptation to the new environment is the most cost effective measure, which can be taken against this.Yildirim, Kemal. Koyuncu, Cuneyt. Koyuncu, Julide. In their paper does temperature affect labor productivity cross- country evidence published in the journal Applied Econometrics and International Development. They established a relation between temperature and labour productivity and plotted a graph to depict it. The study done over 111 over a period of some(prenominal) years states that increase in temperature has a negative effect on labour productivity.Pieter Diedericks Senior Project Director, Oil Sands Projects, Petro-Canada, Canada in his study OPTIMIZING WINTER CONSTRUCTION studied the effects of cold weather on construction industry. He used temperatures below 200 F as the basis of cold temperature. He stated that an average loss of labour productivity due to cold temperature is almost 50%. Thomas suggested the use of annual cycles to schedule activities most affected by weather. He suggested sanative measures as use of wind protective armour and setup of machinery when the conditions are adverse instead of physical labour-intensive work.Karin Lundgren1*, Kalev Kuklane1, Chuansi Gao1 and Ingvar Holmr1 presented a paper on Effects of Heat Stress on Working Populations when Facing humour Change, Their study relates o heat stress on workers and how it negatively impacts the productivity overall. They suggested the ideal temperature for physical work as 370C, any more beyond these results in physiological effects in the human body decrease its capacity to perform productively.CHAPTER 3 excavate productiveness THEORYWHAT IS outwear PRODUCTIVITYLabour productivity as delineate as the join of output received by the number of man hours or man days input by the worker. Labour productivity optimization is mandatory to get the optimum output from a projects workforce, thus is also termed as workforce productivity. In the construction industry which is predominantly labour intensive this factor plays a determinable role in deciding the share of the project itself. And in a country like India where there is trashy and efficient labour available, if used properly the production costs can be brought do wn drastically, be it of any industry in this scenario. Labour productivity can be measured in number of ship canal depending on each industry but the thumb rule for calculation of labour productivity isLabour productivity = volume measure of output / measure of input useWHY MEASURE LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY?In the construction industry most of the contractors take careful level of variation in local and regional weather patterns, the norms andtrends, and based on these they schedule their construction projects. Well planned construction schedules are lively to take advantage of favorableseasonal, local, or regional weather patterns and avoid the discriminatory ones.Thus, when a Project doesnt start on time, or it gets retard during the time of execution weather may become an all beta factor in the overall delay, reducing planned productivity and efficiency. approximately of the construction contracts allow excusable delay and time extensions at the time of abnormal or unusual weath er conditions. When this kind of delay is encountered it incursenormous losings in the number of extra man hours spent, and further delays of the project and work. heated up weather and cold weather create efficiency and productivity losses which can be explained separately as followsCold WeatherWorkers productivity drops with the fall in temperature. The productivity of the manual labours drops gradually during extreme temperature conditions. This productivity losses can be best quantified by comparing productivity from cold weather effected work periodsto that measured during normal work periods, thereby determining the difference. It only requires man-hours data and weather data (can be obtained from internet), sorted by fight. The man-hours and temperature data are entered into a spreadsheetprogram by date any their productivity is calculated.Hot WeatherJust as the productivity decreases in cold weather, same losses also occurs when the temperature rises above cardinal nine d egree centigrade to thirty four degree centigrade and beyond. The inefficiencies can only be quantified by actual measurement of productivity in hot weather and then comparing with normal weather productivity.TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION LABOURA construction project is dependent on different levels of work done by the workers. Thus generally the division is among the levels of labourers. Namely experient LaborSemi Skilled LaborUn dexterous Labor complete LABOUR PRODUCTIVITYSkilled Labours constitute operators, foremen, and machine operators i.e the labourers with give a higher output of work per hour of input. The skilled labourers usually are head labourers for a gang, operators for special equipment and are highest pay in the lot.SEMI SKILLED LABOUR PRODUCTIVITYSemiskilled labours are mediocre paid workers with somewhat lesser skills as compared to skilled ones, their productivity outputs are higher per hour though compared to unskilled labourers. Carpenters, Masons, Fixers constitute t his list of semi-skilled laboursUNSKILLED LABOUR PRODUCTIVITYThis is the largest clan of labourers who are good for maximum physical exertion, and its their tireless efforts which ultimately proves detrimental in the project being on schedule. Their productivity depends on how efficiently they are managed by their foremen. It is this clan of people we need to optimize for the drastic change in overall timing schedules.DIFFERENT MODELS OF PRODUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTTo serve different purposes there are different measures of productivity, one can choose the method which serves their purpose.Thomas et al. defined different models of measures to measure productivity which are as followsEconomic modelsThe department of Commerce, and other governmental agencies use a productivity rendering in the following form equivalence (a)Total factor productivity (TFP) =Total output / Labor + Materials + Equipment + Energy + CapitalProject-specific modelsA more accurate definition that can be used by g overnmental agencies for specific program planning and by the private celestial sphere for conceptual estimates on individual projects isequating (a)Productivity=Output/ Labour+ Equipment + MaterialsEquation (b)Productivity = Square feet / rupeesDesign professionals use productivity data in this form.Activity-oriented modelsA contractor is more likely to define productivity using a narrowly defined version of(a)and(b), where the units of output are specific for generic kinds of work. Typical units are cubic yards, tons, and square feet. versatile related activities, such as formwork, steel reinforcement, and concrete placement, can be combined using the earned-value concept (Thomas and Kramer, 1987, cited in Thomas et al., 1990, p. 706).Productivity is explicit as units of output per Rupee or work-hour.At the project site, contractors are often interested in labor productivity. It can be defined in one of the following ways (Thomas and Mathews, 1985 cited in Thomas et al., 1990, p. 707)5Equation (4)Labour productivity=Output/Labour costorEquation (5)Labour productivity=Output/Work-hourThere is no standard definition of productivity and some contractors use the inverse of Eq.(5)Equation (6)Labour productivity=Labour costs or work-hours / OutputEq.(6)is often called the unit rate. even-tempered other contractors rely on the performance factor as a measure of productivityEquation (7)Performance factor=Estimated unit rate / Actual unit rateFACTORS AFFECTING LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY assignment and evaluation of factors that impact labour productivity has become important to specialize the bring out elements that can be changed to bring about optimization of the whole process of work. Due to the complexity of work involved one factor alone cannot be held responsible for the change rather it is a conspiracy of multiple factors which results in the desired/undesired change in the productivity of an individual or the project as a whole. Some of the key factors are l isted as follows.Work ScheduleLabour Pool primeval Place of the gangTemperatureType of projectProject Location age Allocated for activitiesDesign factorsExecution plan factorsMaterial factorsEquipment factorsLabour factorsHealth and prophylactic factorsSupervision factorsWorking time factorsProject factorsQuality factorsFinancial factors leading and coordination factorsOrganization factorsOwner/consultant factorsExternal factors